n
The determination of the world as mere phenomena to which true reality does not pertain.
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(political science, sociology) Any theory that centres its gaze, analysis, and interpretation around human action. E.g. rational choice theory, phenomenology, etc.
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(philosophy) A matter that is morally neutral.
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Alternative spelling of antimetaphysics [(philosophy) The belief that spiritual and religious metaphysics is a delusion and pursuing it impedes the advancement of knowledge.]
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(philosophy) The belief that apparently distinct features of a person (such as body vs. soul) are actually just different aspects, or ways of looking at, of a unified entity.
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(sociology) An ontological framework developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari for the analysis of social complexity by emphasizing fluidity, exchangeability, and multiple functionalities.
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(philosophy) The ancient Greek theory that all matter is composed of very small indestructible and indivisible particles.
adj
Of or relating to a school of economic thought based on the concept of methodological individualism: that social phenomena result from the motivations and actions of individuals.
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The philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859–1941), French philosopher who argued that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.
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(psychology) The hypothetical mentality, neurology and sociology of the theory that before the historical emergence of introspective consciousness ancient humans and the earliest civilizations were governed by auditory hallucinations ‘spoken’ by the right cerebral hemisphere and ‘heard’ by the left hemisphere as the voices of gods.
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A principle or system of bioethics.
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(metaphysics, monism) The entire universe viewed as a single entity featuring internal variability but not containing discrete parts.
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(philosophy, uncountable) The doctrine that non-physical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only.
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(philosophy, sociology) The view that the cognitive styles or habits of perception, reasoning, judgment, and knowledge of the world are not absolute, but are relative to historical eras and to various cultures.
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(philosophy) A problem arising from the tension between the seemingly irreducible nature of consciousness, and its ubiquity. If consciousness is ubiquitous, and every atom (or every bit, depending on the theory) has a minimal level of it, then it is not clear how these tiny consciousnesses combine to create larger experiences.
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(anthropology, sociology, ethics) A type of descriptive ethics, focused on studying the nature and origins of beliefs about morality held by people in diverse social or cultural groups.
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(philosophy) The view that the meanings of propositions are determined independently of the terms of which they are composed
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(social sciences) The idea that people learn about, or perceive the world by constructing mental models.
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(philosophy) The postulate that all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles.
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(philosophy, historical) An ideology that discusses reality and change in terms of particles (corpuscles) and their motion.
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A Kantian approach to philosophy, in which the primary purpose is not to establish and demonstrate theories about reality, but rather to subject all theories to critical review.
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(philosophy) The view that the world consists of, or is explicable in terms of, two fundamental principles, such as mind and matter or good and evil.
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(philosophy) The study of eidetic reduction.
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(philosophy) The belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind, and as it contrasts (or not) with reductionism.
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(historical) Alexander Bogdanov's philosophy of cognition and being. Based on the neutral monist philosophy of Ernst Mach and Richard Avenarius (empiriocriticism), empiriomonism was an attempt to provide a modern, scientific proof of the principles of Marxism, in general, and of historical materialism in particular.
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(philosophy) The theory that cognition arises through enaction between an organism and its environment
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(philosophy) The theory that material objects are persistent three-dimensional individuals wholly present at every moment of their existence.
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(Aristotelian metaphysics) The complete realisation and final form of some potential concept or function; the conditions under which a potential thing becomes actualized.
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(philosophy, psychology, uncountable) The doctrine that mental states and processes are simply incidental effects of physiological events in the brain or nervous system and cannot themselves cause any effects in the material world.
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(specifically Foucaultian philosophy) The fundamental body of ideas and collective presuppositions that defines the nature and sets the bounds of what is accepted as true knowledge in a given epistemic epoch.
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Any other crisis of epistemics or epistemology, such as a replication crisis.
n
Any pattern or system (including any ideology, philosophy, religion, science, or tradition, as well as coexistent combinations thereof) by which people know or believe (or believe that they know) the things that they know or believe (including any ontologic or cosmologic facts, theories, hypotheses, catechistic items of faith, or other items of faith).
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(philosophy) A philosophical position asserting that there are facts about the boundaries of a vague predicate (such as "is thin" or "is bald") which cannot be discovered.
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An epistemic property or philosophy.
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(plural in form and plural or singular in construction) The collective examination thereof; Synonym of epistemology.
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(uncountable) The branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge; theory of knowledge, asking such questions as "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", "How do we know it is true?", and so on.
n
Alternative spelling of episteme [(philosophy) Scientific knowledge; a principled system of understanding; sometimes contrasted with empiricism.]
n
Alternative spelling of episteme [(philosophy) Scientific knowledge; a principled system of understanding; sometimes contrasted with empiricism.]
n
(philosophy of science) A theory based on a more fundamental theory or on a metatheory; A theory which doesn't describe all causes; handling some of them as givens, especially when other theories do analyze these givens.
n
(Classical philosophy) A task or function of a creature.
n
(metaphysics) The doctrine that only one concrete world exists, and all other possible worlds are abstract.
adj
(philosophy, not comparable) Of or relating to the study of ethics.
n
(Continental philosophy) The formation or transformation of one's own mode of existence.
n
Alternative form of eupraxophy [Any philosophy or life stance that does not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural.]
adj
(epistemology) Contending that there are non-internal factors which can affect the justificatory status of a belief
n
(obsolete, philosophy) The theory that mind and matter are all the one type of substance
n
The philosophical discourse on "The One" that appears most notably in the philosophy of Plotinus.
n
One liable to the fault of heterophemy.
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(philosophy) A connection between holons (things that are both a part and a whole).
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The belief that the whole of the soul is present within every part of the body.
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According to the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics, the holistic idea that everything is in a state of process or becoming.
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A humanitarian philosophy or practice.
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(philosophy) The doctrine that every physical substance is the sum of its component matter and the form taken by that matter.
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The doctrine that matter is sentient.
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A philosophical doctrine espousing that all or some material things possess life, or that all life is inseparable from matter.
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(philosophy) The doctrine that states of the mind and states of the brain are identical.
adj
(philosophy) of or pertaining to the philosophy of immaterialism
n
(philosophy) A theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another.
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(philosophy) The analysis of the mental by interpretation of the physical
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The belief that introspection is the best way to study the phenomenon of consciousness or the soul.
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(philosophy) The doctrine that the world consists of ultimate logical "facts" (or "atoms") that cannot be broken down any further.
adj
Having features typical of philosophical materialism.
n
(in Aristotelian philosophy) Aristotle’s “great-souled man”: an aristocratic paragon who embodies the virtues to an exceptional degree (a figure described chiefly in Aristotle’s Eudemian and Nicomachean Ethics).
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The doctrine that physical reality exists only because of the mind's awareness.
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(philosophy, metaphysics) Philosophical worldview which holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences.
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(philosophy) A philosopher who specializes in the scholarly study of metaphysics.
n
(philosophy, countable) The view or theory of a particular philosopher or school of thinkers concerning the first principles which describe or explain all that is.
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(philosophy) A metaphysical theory, introduced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, based on elementary particles with blurred perceptions of one another.
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(archaic) The theory that the various forms of activity in nature are manifestations of the same force.
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One who studies neurophilosophy.
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(Greek philosophy) The exercise of reason.
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The belief that dualism and dichotomy are illusory phenomena, that things such as mind and body may remain distinct while not actually being separate.
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(philosophy) The study of noumena, that is, things as they are in themselves, beyond their immediate human perception.
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(philosophy, metaphysics) One's ontic attributes.
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(sciences) A philosophy that attempts to define all scientific concepts in terms of specified operations or procedures of observation and measurement.
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(philosophy of mind) The view that thought is present everywhere at a fundamental level.
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The doctrine, related to panpsychism, that all matter is capable of experience.
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(philosophy) The belief that higher-order phenomenal properties (such as qualia) are logically entailed by protophenomenal properties.
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(philosophy, metaphysics, uncountable) The doctrine that all matter has a mental aspect.
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(philosophy) The doctrine that matter and mind do not causally interact but that physiological events in the brain or body nonetheless occur simultaneously with matching events in the mind.
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(philosophy) A doctrine of subjective idealism that regards personality as the means of interpreting reality.
adj
(philosophy) Personhood-biased; Deeming personhood the core attribute within any cosmos, physical or transcendental.
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(philosophy) The doctrine that physical objects exist only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli
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(philosophy) In the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) and his followers, a philosophical procedure intended to reveal the objects of consciousness as pure phenomena independently of any considerations of the existence of those objects and without the influence of inferential knowledge.
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(philosophy) A movement based on this, originated about 1905 by Edmund Husserl.
n
Obsolete form of philosophy. [(uncountable, originally) The love of wisdom.]
n
Obsolete spelling of philosophy [(uncountable, originally) The love of wisdom.]
n
(philosophy) A philosophical position holding that everything which exists is no more extensive than its physical properties; that is, that there are no kinds of things other than physical things, which all are of logically procedural nature, based on fundamental laws at their deepest level of causality.
n
Alternative spelling of physicotheology [(philosophy, theology, dated) The view that evidence and sound arguments for God's existence can be derived from a study of the natural world; a study of the natural world intended to provide such evidence.]
n
Knowledge or wisdom concerning nature.
n
(philosophy) A school of thought regarding subjectivity, involving a large number of contexts and viewpoints that cannot be reconciled.
n
(medicine) The approach of trying various possible therapeutic treatments with no clear diagnostic guide.
adj
Of or pertaining to positivism.
adj
Alternative form of post-ironic [Exhibiting or relating to post-irony.]
n
(philosophy) A revised form of phenomenology that aims to overcome the limitations of subjectivism.
adj
After the collapse or decline of philosophy.
adj
Relating to potentialism.
n
The study of human action or conduct.
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The belief that only current phenomena are relevant.
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(philosophy) The problem, considered by Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) and other philosophers, of whether it is possible for a private language to exist.
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(philosophy) The old doctrine that there is a fluid (continuity) universally diffusing, and equally animating all living beings, the difference in their actions being due to the difference of the individual organizations.
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(philosophy) The theory that mental and bodily experiences occur in tandem with each other, but without any type of causal interaction.
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(by extension) Any belief system or model that gives undue importance to the observer.
n
Any one of the various fields of study whose names end in -sophy.
n
(uncountable) Philosophy, especially traditional metaphysical philosophy, which makes claims that cannot be verified by everyday experience of the physical world or by a scientific method.
n
A postmodern approach to analysing intersubjective discourses, based on the ways that authority is rooted in individuals' knowledge and perspectives, and the power that such authority exerts.
adj
(physics) Of or relating to superdeterminism.
n
(philosophy) The idea that any intellectual subject can be treated as an independent topos which can be described and understood in purely mathematical terms.
n
Any of a group of philosophers who assert that true knowledge is obtained by faculties of the mind that transcend sensory experience; those who exalt intuition above empirical knowledge and ordinary mentation. Used in modern times of some post-Kantian German philosophers, and of the school of Emerson.
n
The theory that all thought is directed to a second person or to one's future self as such.
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