Alternative form of ing-form [An English verb's inflected form that ends in ing, including uses often analyzed as gerunds and present participles.]

Alternative form of first person [(grammar) Forms of pronouns or verbs used for the speaker or writer of the sentence in which they occur.]

(literature) Alternative form of second person [(grammar) The form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience. In English, the second person is used with the pronouns thou and you. In many languages the singular, applying to one person, and plural, applying to several people, are distinct.]

Alternative form of third person [(linguistics, with "the") The words, word-forms, and grammatical structures, taken collectively, that are normally used of people or things other than the speaker or the audience.]

accusative case

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case used in some languages to indicate absence.

(grammar) A grammatical case used to express the lack or absence of something. It has the meaning of the English preposition without or the affix -less.

Abbreviation of ablative. [(grammar) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in some languages, the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away, and to a lesser degree, instrument, place, accordance, specifications, price, or measurement.]

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the ablative case.

(grammar) The ablative case.

(grammar) A construction in Latin and other sister languages in which an independent phrase with a noun in the ablative case has a participle, adjective, or noun, expressed or implied, which agrees with it in gender, number and case – both words forming a clause grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence.

(grammar) A noun case used in some languages to indicate movement away from something, removal, separation. In English grammar, it corresponds roughly to the use in English of prepositions "of", "from", "away from", and "concerning". In Latin grammar, the ablative case (cāsus ablātīvus) includes functions derived from the Indo-European ablative, instrumental, comitative, associative and locative cases; these cases express concepts similar to those of the English prepositions "of"/"from", "by", "with", "to"/"with", and "at"/"in", respectively. Here/hence/hither, there/thence/thither, and where/whence/whither are the only English words with separate forms for the ablative (motion away from) and lative (motion towards) cases.

(grammar) The nature of the ablative case.

(of a case form) Syntactically connected to the rest of the sentence in an atypical manner, or not relating to or depending on it, like in the nominative absolute or genitive absolute, accusative absolute or ablative absolute.

(grammar) In Egyptian, including Coptic, a form of a verb necessitated by its regimen if this does not require the nominal state or pronominal state

(grammar) The grammatical expression of time reference relative to now, the exact moment of speaking.

(grammar) Of or relating to the absolutive grammatical case.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the grammatical case used to indicate the patient or experiencer of a verb’s action.

(grammar) case used to indicate the patient or experiencer of a verb’s action. The absolutive case is used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, as well as the object of a transitive verb (inasmuch as they are codified in the English nominative-accusative system). Some languages that employ the absolutive case include Abkhaz, Basque, Chechen, Dyirbal, Hindi, Inuktitut, Hiligaynon, and Yup'ik.

Separately expressing a property or attribute of an object that is considered to be inherent to that object: attributive, ascriptive.

(Slavic grammar) A verb of motion whose motion is multidirectional (as opposed to unidirectional) or indirect, or whose action is repeated or in a series (iterative), instead of being a single completed action; always imperfective in aspect, even with prefixes that are normally associated with the perfective aspect (eg. Polish przybiegać).

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses an action which started before the primary action of a statement, and which is still ongoing.

Of or pertaining to the accusative case.

(grammar) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin, Lithuanian and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb has its limited influence. Other parts of speech, including secondary or predicate direct objects, will also influence a sentence’s construction. In German the case used for direct objects.

in Late Latin

(grammar): In English and other modern languages, the case used to mark the immediate object (direct object) on which the transitive verb acts. In Latin grammar, the accusative case (cāsus accūsātīvus) includes functions derived from the Indo-European accusative and lative cases; said Lative Case express concepts similar to those of the English prepositions "to" and "towards".

(linguistics) The characteristics of the accusative case of a noun or pronoun.

(grammar) Quality of being accusative.

(grammar) A syntactic construction, very common in Classical Latin, in which the subject of a subordinate clause is declined for the accusative case and the verb is conjugated for the infinitive mood, used chiefly to express indirect statements.

accusative; accusing

(grammar, semantics) The lexical aspect (aktionsart) of verbs or predicates that change in an instant.

(grammar) Any of the participants, such as the subject or object, in a grammatical clause.

A word that expresses action and tells what the subject of a sentence does.

(grammar) A word that indicates an action, event or state.

(grammar, of a verb) Depicting an action having an agent and a patient.

Applied to a form of the verb; — opposed to passive. See active voice.

(grammar) A participle indicating an ongoing or completed action or state in the active voice, where a noun modified by the participle is taken to represent the agent of the action denoted by the verb.

(grammar, countable) a form in a particular language used to express the active voice

(grammar) Synonym of mediopassive

(grammar, also spelt adv(.)) Abbreviation of adverb. [(grammar) A word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverbs, or various other types of words, phrases, or clauses.]

(grammar) A word or phrase that adds something, such as also, even, or nor.

(grammar) of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates adjacent location

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate adjacent location. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions near, at, or by, as in "by the house." Languages that use the adessive case include Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Lezgi and Lithuanian.

(grammar) Abbreviation of adjective. [(grammar) A word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes a noun’s referent.]

(grammar) Of or relating to or functioning as an adjective.

(in Czech and Slovak grammar) Nouns that have the form of adjectives (often originally adjectives used as nouns).

Alternative form of adjective phrase [(grammar) A phrase that collectively modifies or describes a noun or pronoun and which can usually be used both attributively and predicatively, can be graded, and be modified by an adverb.]

(grammar) A pronoun that accompanies a noun, such as our in English.

(grammar) A word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes a noun’s referent.

(grammar) A phrase that collectively modifies or describes a noun or pronoun and which can usually be used both attributively and predicatively, can be graded, and be modified by an adverb.

an adjective used as a pronoun, such as each, either, and neither, which relate to objects taken singly

(in Egyptian grammar) a type of intransitive stative verb used to express a quality or entrance into a quality

(grammar) Abbreviation of adjective phrase. [(grammar) A phrase that collectively modifies or describes a noun or pronoun and which can usually be used both attributively and predicatively, can be graded, and be modified by an adverb.]

(grammar) a connector joining two components of the same weight, such as a coordinating conjunction

(grammar) The adnominal case: A word or phrase qualifying a noun, such as an adjective or a relative clause.

The grammatical case used to modify a noun or related to a word modifying a noun.

(grammar) an adjective used as a noun (sensu stricto), an absolute adjective

Abbreviation of adposition. [(grammar) An element that combines syntactically with a phrase and indicates how that phrase should be interpreted in the surrounding context; a preposition or postposition.]

(grammar) An element that combines syntactically with a phrase and indicates how that phrase should be interpreted in the surrounding context; a preposition or postposition.

(grammar) Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an adposition.

(grammar) A word that functions both as an adverb and as a preposition.

Abbreviation of adverb. [(grammar) A word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverbs, or various other types of words, phrases, or clauses.]

Abbreviation of adverb. [(grammar) A word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverbs, or various other types of words, phrases, or clauses.]

(grammar) A word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverbs, or various other types of words, phrases, or clauses.

An adverbial phrase.

(grammar) Functioning as an adverb; adverbial.

(linguistics, rare) The property of being an adverb.

(grammar) An adverbial word or phrase.

(linguistics) In some languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, German, Arabic, the use of a noun or adjective in the accusative case as an adverb.

(grammar) a noun case in the Abkhaz, Georgian, and Udmurt languages

(grammar) A subordinate clause that functions as an adverb within a main clause.

(grammar) A noun declined in the genitive case that functions as an adverb.

(grammar) A word that expresses a countable number of times; an adverbial numeral.

(grammar) A participle that modifies a verb in same sentence and which is equivalent to an adverbial clause in English. Adverbial participles may denote time, condition, cause, concession, manner, means, purpose, or attendant circumstance.

(linguistics) The adverbial component of a phrasal verb; a word, typically a short one, which functions as an adverb accompanying and qualifying the verb component of a phrasal verb.

(grammar) A phrase that collectively modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, or a prepositional phrase.

(grammar) A morpheme, particle, etc. that converts a word into an adverb.

(grammar) Abbreviation of adverbial phrase. [(grammar) A phrase that collectively modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, or a prepositional phrase.]

(grammar) A sentence that affirms (rather than negates) a proposition.

(grammar) A noun that denotes an agent that performs the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived, such as "rider" derived from "to ride", or "cutter" derived from "to cut".

(grammar) A verb form in some (e.g. Finno-Ugric) languages that allows the property of something being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute.

(linguistics) Pertaining to a grammatical agent that performs the action of the verb.

(grammar) A construction whereby an action verb is made into an agent noun.

(grammar) A property of verbs and other predicates indicating internal temporal nature; lexical aspect.

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates motion towards a place.

(grammar) A case used to indicate movement onto, or to the adjacency of something. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions to or onto, as in "to the house," "onto the house." Languages that use the allative case include Basque, Dyirbal, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, and Lithuanian.

(grammar) An ambitransitive verb.

(grammar) A grammatical word, particle, or inflection that indicates motion away from something; or, the indication so provided.

(linguistics) In some languages, the characteristic of a noun, dependent on its living or sentient nature, which affects grammatical features (it can modify verbs used with the noun, affect the noun's declension, etc.).

(grammar) Inflected to agree with an animate noun or pronoun.

(grammar) The relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent.

(grammar) A word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun.

(grammar) The grammatical case that indicates the spatial relation of preceding or being before something.

(grammar) A verb or construction of this kind.

(linguistics) Relating to the antipassive voice

(linguistics) A verb voice found in some languages that omits or demotes the direct object of a transitive verb.

(grammar) A particular verb in the aorist.

(grammar) A temporal feature of the verb which denotes the speaker's standpoint of the event described by the verb, as from outside of the event and seeing it as a completed whole.

(grammar) A grammatical category in some languages expressing perfective aspect and past tense of verbs; the aorist.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to an appellative noun or common noun.

(grammar) A grammatical construct that casts a peripheral noun phrase as direct object.

(grammar) A construction in which one noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both of them having the same syntactic function in the sentence.

(grammar) a word or phrase that is in apposition

(countable, linguistics) Any of the phrases that bears a syntactic connection to the verb of a clause.

(rhetoric) The logical fallacy of concluding that a proposition is correct because the person advancing it is rich.

(grammar) A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English). In some languages the article may appear as an ending (e.g. definite article in Swedish) or there may be none (e.g. Russian, Pashto).

(grammar) Augmentative; intensive.

Of or pertaining to an aspect.

(grammar) A constituent of a phrase that specifies the aspect of a verb phrase.

(grammar) The grammatical case that is associative.

(rhetoric) The introduction of a proposition into a speech, especially an extraneous one.

Abbreviation of attributive. [(grammar, of a word or phrase) Modifying a noun, while in the same phrase as that noun.]

(grammar) Abbreviation of attributive. [(grammar, of a word or phrase) Modifying a noun, while in the same phrase as that noun.]

(grammar) A word that qualifies a noun, a qualifier.

(grammar, of a word or phrase) Modifying a noun, while in the same phrase as that noun.

(grammar) An adjective that modifies the head of a noun phrase in which it occurs.

(grammar, when referring to a language other than English) A noun denoting bearer of a quality or an attribute of a subject, in reference to the lexical morpheme from which it is derived.

(grammar) An auxiliary verb.

(grammar) A verb that accompanies the main verb in a clause in order to make distinctions in tense, mood, voice or aspect.

(grammar, rare, of a verb or predicate) Non-valent, having valency zero: taking no arguments.

(grammar, uncountable) A grammatical case indicating that something is avoided or feared; the evitative case.

A grammatical construction in Mandarin Chinese, SUBJ-把-OBJ-VERB, or any analogous constructions in other Chinese lects.

(grammar, also attributive) A type of nominal compound in which the first part modifies the second and neither part alone conveys the intended meaning.

(grammar) The infinitive form of an English verb without the particle to; a comparable infinitive in other Germanic languages, e.g. a German infinitive without a preceding "zu", or a Swedish one without a preceding "att".

(grammar) Of verbs: having two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective.

Any of various verbs, generally in Romance languages, in which the first and second persons plural are affected differently by some phonological or morphological rule than the other four forms.

(Lojban grammar) A Lojban predicate word. Specifically, a word which may be used to express a selbri relation (a statement of truth of one kind or another) between a number of arguments. Gismu, lujvo and fu'ivla are all brivla.

(grammar) Of or relating to the caritive case.

(grammar) A case used to express the lack or absence of something. It has the meaning of the English preposition "without." The caritive case is found in some Caucasian languages.

(grammar) Of or relating to case.

(grammar, uncountable) Grammatical cases and their meanings taken either as a topic in general or within a specific language.

(grammar, in nouns and adjectives that inflect to mark grammatical case) A suffix-like element which indicates a word’s grammatical case, number, and gender.

(obsolete, grammar) Having grammatical case

(grammar, dated) The nominative case, sometimes grouped with the vocative case, as a single morphological case contrasted with the oblique case.

A verb able to be immediately followed by the full or bare infinitive, or gerund (i.e. non-finite verbs), as in “I beg to differ”, where beg is catenative.

(grammar) The causal-final case. This case in the Hungarian language combines the causal case and the final case. It can express the cause of emotions (e.g. value someone for something) or the goal of actions (e.g. "kenyérért" for bread).

(grammar) An adjunct.

(grammar) A verb, its necessary grammatical arguments, and any adjuncts affecting them.

(linguistics) A complex sentence whose meaning could be expressed by a simple sentence, that has a dependent clause in front of the main clause, and that typically stresses a particular constituent.

Abbreviation of cognate accusative. [(grammar) An object of kindred sense or derivation; specifically, that which may adverbially follow an intransitive verb (for example, the word death in “to die the death”).]

(grammar) An object of kindred sense or derivation; specifically, that which may adverbially follow an intransitive verb (for example, the word death in “to die the death”).

(grammar) The cohortative mood.

(grammar) Of, or relating to the grammatical case that is used in some languages to indicate accompaniment.

(grammar) Noun case used to denote companionship. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositional phrase in company with, together with or with, as in "with the house." Languages that use the comitative case include Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Inari Sami, Northern Sami, Skolt Sami, and Quechua. It is also found in many Australian Aboriginal languages, where it is commonly used to form names of places and languages.

(grammar) Two independent clauses combined into a run-on sentence with only a comma between them.

(rare) Followed, preceded, or surrounded by a comma or commas.

(grammar) A grammatical mood that indicates promises or threats.

A noun that denotes any member, or all members, of a class; an ordinary noun such as "dog" or "city". In contrast, a proper noun is a single named entity such as "Socrates".

(grammar) The relationship of a phrase to its predicate

(linguistics) A subordinating conjunction that can convert a clause into a complement clause, i.e. one that completes a grammatical construction in the predicate and that describes or is identified with the subject or object.

(grammar) a sentence that contains an independent clause as well as one or more dependent clauses, such as a relative clause, an adverbial clause, or a noun clause.

(grammar, in some languages) A word constructed from the imperative of a verb plus one or more pronouns

(linguistics) A word composed of two or more stems used as a predicate (word indicating sentence or predication is a statement that may be true or false). in English, it may or may not have a space or hyphen.

(grammar) a sentence that has two or more independent clauses, joined by a conjunction (such as 'but', 'and') and/or punctuation (such as ',').

(grammar) The conditional mood.

(grammar) A combination of the conditional mood and the perfect tense, roughly corresponding to English 'I would have...'

(grammar) A sentence discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. A full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.

(linguistics) An adjunct that supplements a sentence with information, connecting the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. Not considered to be an essential part of the propositional content.

(grammar) A word used to join other words or phrases together into sentences. The specific conjunction used shows how the two joined parts are related.

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as a conjunction.

(grammar) Of a personal pronoun, used only in immediate conjunction with the verb of which the pronoun is the subject, such as French je or Irish sé

(grammar) An adverb that connects two clauses; linking adverb.

(grammar) The subjunctive mood.

(grammar) The subjunctive mood.

(grammar) A word used to connect words, clauses and sentences, most commonly applied to conjunctions.

A verb form used with a negative verb in certain languages.

(grammar) A functional element of a phrase or clause

(grammar) A noun form associated especially with Afroasiatic languages, but occurring also in Iranian and others; used in construing a nominal with another, particularly for the object of a genitive.

(grammar) A group of words arranged to form a meaningful phrase.

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses that a secondary action occurs (and is completed) immediately before the primary action of the statement.

(narratology) A narrative device in episodic fiction where previous and/or future events in a series of stories are accounted for in present stories.

(linguistics) A grammatical aspect that expresses the state of the subject that is continuing the action.

(grammar) A verb tense expressing ongoing action; in English, any of the tenses formed with the present participle, namely present continuous ("I am dreaming"), past continuous ("I was dreaming"), present perfect continuous ("I have been dreaming"), past perfect continuous ("I had been dreaming"), future continuous ("I will be dreaming") or future perfect continuous ("I will have been dreaming").

(linguistics) A construction in which the understood subject of a given predicate is determined by an expression in context. See control.

(linguistics) The subject of a control verb. See Control (linguistics)

(linguistics) A non-finite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination.

(grammar) A conjunction that joins two grammatical elements of the same status or construction.

(linguistics, grammar) A word, usually a verb, used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (usually a subject complement or an adverbial), that unites or associates the subject with the predicate.

(grammar) Being or relating to a copula.

(grammar) A verb that links a subject to a complement that refers to the subject.

(grammar) That connects the subject of a clause with its complement.

(grammar) A pro-form; a non-personal pronominal, proadjectival, or proadverbial form

(grammar) A countable noun.

(grammar) Any of a class of words in various languages including Chinese and Hungarian whose function is analogous to the cases, prepositions, and postpositions of other languages.

(grammar) A word or clause that qualifies another word or clause ambiguously, possibly causing confusion with regard to the intended meaning.

(grammar) Any participle used as a dangling modifier.

(grammar) dative

(grammar) The dative case.

in Lithuanian and Latvian

(grammar) Case used to express direction towards an indirect object, the recipient or beneficiary of an action, and is generally indicated in English by to (when a recipient) or for (when a beneficiary) with the objective case. The direct object may be either stated or unstated where the indirect object is the beneficiary of the verbal action, but is stated where the indirect object is a recipient. If there is emphasis on the indirect object, the indirect object usually precedes the direct object and is not usually indicated with to or for; said structure is also used when neither object is being emphasized.

(Classical linguistics, in definite) The dative case in its use to indicate purpose.

(grammar) The use of a dative object where an accusative would traditionally be used.

(grammar) Being derived from a volitive form, from a word or morph expressing a wish (usually in relation to future markers or auxiliaries).

(grammar) A word derived from an adjective.

(grammar) Deriving from an adverb.

(linguistics) This mood, or a verb in this mood.

(linguistics, of a language) In which the indirect objects of ditransitive verbs are treated like the direct objects of monotransitive verbs.

(grammar, of a verb, sentence, or mood) Expressing truth.

(grammar) Pertaining to declension.

(grammar) A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers.

(logic) One that is being defined.

(grammar) A word or phrase that designates a specified or identified person or entity.

(grammar) An article that introduces a noun and specifies it as the particular noun that is being considered; in English, the only definite article is the and its variations.

(grammar) a word, such as a definite article or demonstrative pronoun, that defines or limits something

(grammar) Such a word (such as I or here).

(grammar) A grammatical case of nouns used, chiefly in Hungarian, to express movement from the surface of something (like "moved off the table").

(grammar) case used to indicate movement from an object. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions from or off of, as in "down off of the house." Hungarian is a language that uses the delative case, see -ról.

An adjective that points out which person, object or concept is being referred to; whether it is singular or plural; and whether it is near or far from the speaker or writer.

(grammar) a determiner used to demonstrate the identity of the thing referenced by the following noun; in English, they include this, these, that and those

(grammar) a pronoun that replaces a noun whose identity can be understood from the context; it indicates whether the noun is singular or plural, and whether it is near or far from the speaker or writer

(grammar, linguistics) A denominative: a word, often a verb, that is derived from a noun or adjective.

(grammar) Deriving from a noun, or from an adjective, such as the verb destruct from the noun destruction.

(rare) Alternative form of dependency grammar [(grammar) Any of a class of grammars based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the constituency relation), in which words are interconnected by directed links, and the (finite) verb is regarded as the centre of clause structure.]

(grammar) The aorist subjunctive or subjunctive perfective: a form of a verb not used independently but preceded by a particle to form the negative or a tense form. Found in Greek and in the Gaelic languages.

(grammar) A subordinate clause.

(grammar) A deponent verb.

(grammar) Derived from a preposition.

(grammar) Deriving from a pronoun.

(grammar) An adjective.

(grammar) An adjective (or other descriptive word)

An adjective that describes a noun.

(linguistics, grammar) A verbal mood that has the meaning of “wanting to do something”, found in languages such as Ancient Greek and Sanskrit; the optative.

(grammar) In, marked by or pertaining to the destinative case.

(grammar) Abbreviation of determiner. [(grammar) A member of a class of words functioning in a noun phrase to identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it.]

(grammar) A modifier; a word that modifies another word.

(grammar) A member of a class of words functioning in a noun phrase to identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it.

(grammar) A word that is modified by another word.

(grammar) A member of a class of words functioning in a noun phrase to identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it.

(grammar, linguistics) A word, especially a substantive, that is derived from a verb.

(linguistics, grammar, rare) A word or a component of a word that is derived from a verb.

(grammar) A noun case which covers the nominative and possibly other cases such as vocative and/or accusative (the precise definition depends on the case system in question; the term is used especially in simple systems with two or three cases)

(grammar, in languages with case distinctions) Such an object when it is in the accusative case, but (generally) not when it is in another case.

(grammar) A verb that agrees in person and number with the subject of a clause, by conjugation. Conjugation is a form of inflection.

(grammar) Case used to express motion towards a location; generally indicated in English by down to, up to, toward, headed for etc. in combination with the objective case.

(linguistics) An adverbial that expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the associated clause or sentence.

(grammar) A distributive adjective or pronoun.

(grammar) The grammatical case that is distributive, indicating “per” or “each”.

(linguistics) A verb that takes both an object and an indirect object.

(grammar) A verb that requires (in the unmarked form) both a direct object and an indirect object so as to be grammatical.

(grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that occurs "here and there", among an unspecified group of targets or locations.

(grammar) a direct object

(linguistics) The process of declining a noun twice to form a compound grammatical case form; sometimes found in agglutinative languages.

(grammar) Two or more consecutive nouns in the possessive case, as with "St. Paul's Cathedral's vergers"; discouraged on grounds of style.

(grammar, rare) Aligning the agent and object in nonergative tenses but aligning the subject and object in ergative tenses.

(grammar) The historical present tense.

(grammar) The pronoun "it" used without any referent, serving only to satisfy rules of syntax.

(grammar) A word (in English, it or there) used as the subject of a sentence when the real subject is placed after the main verb, or when the subject is indefinite.

(linguistics) Of or pertaining to the aspect of a verb that expresses continuing action; continuative. Part of the imperfective aspect, as opposed to the perfective aspect, of verbs.

(grammar) a verb which generally expresses an action or activity rather than a state.

(linguistics, of the Danish language) The definite singular and plural form of adjectives, which often end in -e.

A modified form of English that eliminates the verb be and thus avoids the passive voice, intended to reduce the dogmatism of language and the likelihood of misunderstanding and conflict.

(grammar) A verb that has the same subject as the preceding verb.

The first-person plural pronoun used by an editor or other spokesperson when speaking with the authority of their publication, profession, organisation or company.

(grammar) In Finno-Ugric languages, one of the locative cases, expressing “out of,” or “from” as in Finnish talosta, Hungarian házból (“out of the house”). Its opposite is the illative case (“into”). In Finnish, the case form is used also to express "out of" or "proximity" in a figurative sense which in English is often conveyed by the word "about".

(grammar) The case used to indicate movement out of something; for example, out of the house. Some languages that make use of the elative are Finnish, Hungarian, and Estonian.

(rhetoric) A technique of argument associated with Socrates wherein the arguer asks the interlocutor to agree with a series of premises and conclusions, ending with the arguer's intended point.

(grammar) Belonging to a set of English tense forms comprising the auxiliary verb do + an infinitive without to.

(grammar) Being or relating to a kind of verb where an action operates in or on the subject, similar to the middle voice.

(grammar, rare) A verb with the form of a passive voice construction, but indicating the state of, or an action toward something other than its subject.

(grammar) With the subject of a transitive construction having grammatical cases or thematic relations different from that of an intransitive construction.

(grammar) A grammatical case used to indicate the agent of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.

(linguistics) An ambitransitive verb where the patient is the object of the transitive, but becomes the experiencer of the intransitive use.

(grammar) Being or relating to a language where the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from the agent of a transitive verb.

(linguistics) The property of a grammar's (or, by extension, a language's) being ergative; the attribute of possessing a grammatical pattern such that the object of a transitive verb is treated the same way as the subject of an intransitive one, while the subject of the transitive verb is treated differently.

(grammar) of, or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates existence in a state or capacity.

(grammar) Noun case used to indicate a temporary state of being, such as the site of an action or the time at which it took place.

(grammar) A case in Hungarian that combines the essive case and the formal case, and it can express position, task, state (e.g. "as a tourist") or manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal").

(grammar) The essive-modal case. In the Hungarian language this case can express the state, capacity, task in which somebody is or which somebody has (essive case, e.g. "as a reward", "for example"), or the manner in which the action is carried out, or the language which somebody knows (modal case, e.g. "unexpectedly", "speak English").

(grammar) Alternative form of ethical dative [(grammar) A form of the dative case applied to pronouns; used (in Latin and some other languages, but rare in English) to show a certain interest felt by the person indicated.]

(grammar) A form of the dative case applied to pronouns; used (in Latin and some other languages, but rare in English) to show a certain interest felt by the person indicated.

(grammar) A word or construct that denotes an event.

(grammar) A construct that forms an eventive.

(grammar) grammatically expressing the notion that something is avoided or feared: a grammatical mood found in some Australian Aboriginal languages.

(grammar) The grammatical case that is evitative.

(grammar) A phenomenon where the subject of an embedded infinitival verb seems to appear in the superordinate clause, and, if a pronoun, is unexpectedly marked with objective case morphology.

(linguistics) Of or relating to the first-person plural pronoun when excluding the person being addressed.

(pragmatics) Having the character of an exercitive act.

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change away from a state; the Estonian language and some dialects of Finnish have such a case

(grammar) Being or relating to a kind of verb whose action is directed outward from the subject.

(of nouns) Derived from a transitive verb, indicating the object affected.

(linguistics) A word that adds to the strength of a phrase without affecting its meaning.

(linguistics, rare, of a verb) Factive.

(grammar) A factive verb.

(grammar) Designating a durative and dynamic action performed by the subject.

(linguistics) A dependent adverbial clause expressing purpose.

(grammar) A verb inflected for person and tense that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.

(language education, grammar) A structure used to talk about possible events in the present or future, containing an "if" clause (with a verb in the present tense) and a main clause (with the future expressed by will + an infinitive verb).

In Russian and Ukrainian, a pattern of inflection of a group of (mostly) feminine nouns that are declined (inflected) in the same way, and which end in -а/-я in the nominative singular.

(Latin grammar) present imperative (second-person forms only); compare second imperative

(grammar) Forms of pronouns or verbs used for the speaker or writer of the sentence in which they occur.

(film, television, video games) Visual presentation through the protagonist or principal character's own eyes.

(grammar) The dual of the first-person form of a verb or pronoun, which in some languages can either be inclusive ("you and I") or exclusive ("he and I"). In other languages, there is no distinction.

(grammar) The plural of the first-person form of a verb or pronoun, which in some languages can either be inclusive ("you and I") or exclusive ("them and I"). In other languages, there is no distinction.

(grammar) The form of a verb used with the pronoun I (or its equivalent in other languages).

(grammar) A variety of the third person sometimes used for indefinite referents, such as one, as in one shouldn't do that.

(grammar) A sentence not containing a subject or a predicate.

(grammar) Any of a subclass of imperfective verbs that denote a repeated action, no longer productive in English, but found in e.g. Finnish, Latin, Russian, and Turkish.

(grammar) A subclass of imperfective verbs that denotes a continuously repeated action. An example in English would be the frequentative verb "to crackle," as opposed to the nonfrequentative "to crack."

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to, or the equivalent in other Germanic languages, e.g. a Swedish infinitive introduced by 'att', or a Norwegian Bokmål infinitive introduced by 'å'.

A verb with its own meaning: a verb that is not an auxiliary verb.

(grammar) A function word.

(grammar) A run-on sentence.

(grammar) The use of a non-future-tense verb to express future time. In English, typically this refers to present-tense verbs.

(grammar) A tense used to express an ongoing action in the future. In English it is formed by use of will be (or shall be) and a present participle.

A part of speech present in some languages (e.g. Latin, Hungarian and Georgian) but not in English that gives a sense of something about to happen.

(grammar) A tense that expresses action completed at some time in the future; in English it is formed by use of will have (or shall have) and a past participle

(grammar) A tense used to express an ongoing action completed after some time in the future. In English it is formed by use of will have been (or shall have been) and a present participle.

(grammar) The perfective future tense.

(grammar) The tense or time form of a verb used to refer to an event or occurrence that has not yet happened or is expected to happen in the future.

The pronoun you, used to refer to an unspecified person or to people in general.

(rare) Alternative spelling of genitive [(grammar, uncountable) An inflection pattern (of any given language) that expresses origin or ownership and possession.]

(grammar, countable) A word inflected in the genitive case; a word indicating origin, ownership or possession.

in Tocharian, not so common

(grammar) Noun case used to express some relationship such as possession or origin. It corresponds roughly to the English preposition “of” and the suffix “-'s”.

(linguistics) The use of genitive as a case of the grammatical object; exists at least in several Slavic and Finnic languages.

(grammar) A verbal form that functions as a verbal noun. (In English, a gerund has the same spelling as a present participle, but functions differently; however, this distinction may be ambiguous or unclear and so is no longer made in some modern texts such as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language)

(grammar) The form of an English verb that ends in -ing and can function as a noun, an adjective, or a progressive verb.

(grammar) Pertaining to the gerundive form of a word.

(less commonly, in English grammar) a verbal adjective ending in -ing , also called a "present participle".

A noun or noun phrase that receives the action of a verb. The subject of a passive verb or the direct object of an active verb. Also called a patient, target, or undergoer.

(grammar) A mode of inflection of a word dependent on its use, especially the syntactic function in a phrase.

(grammar) A type of the relationship of a verb with reality and intent.

(grammar) A linguistic category used to distinguish between the speaker of an utterance and other people; implemented in most languages by a variety of pronouns, and in inflected languages by variation in word endings.

(grammar) Synonym of independent genitive.

(grammar) Any word which may be modified by an adjunct.

(grammar) An auxiliary verb; a verb that accompanies the main verb in a clause.

(grammar) The historical present tense.

(grammar) The present tense as used when writing a fictional narrative.

(grammar) Of an adjective, describing itself.

(grammar) A mood or class of imperative subjunctive moods of a verb for giving strong encouragement.

(philosophy) A formula that tells one how to act in order to achieve a specific goal, without reflecting on the value of the goal itself. Such an imperative is conditional, i.e., it would only motivate one who already shares the end goal in question.

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the inflectional in a constructed sentence.

Alternative form of third person [(linguistics, with "the") The words, word-forms, and grammatical structures, taken collectively, that are normally used of people or things other than the speaker or the audience.]

Alternative form of second person [(grammar) The form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience. In English, the second person is used with the pronouns thou and you. In many languages the singular, applying to one person, and plural, applying to several people, are distinct.]

(grammar) the illative case, or a word in that case.

(grammar) A case used to indicate movement into something; for example, into the house.

Someone who refers to themselves in the third person.

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical aspect which expresses a secondary action which occurs immediately before the primary action of a statement.

(grammar) Abbreviation of imperative. [(uncountable, grammar) The grammatical mood expressing an order (see jussive). In English, the imperative form of a verb is the same as that of the bare infinitive.]

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the imperative mood.

(grammar) Of, or relating to the imperative mood.

(grammar) The grammatical mood generally expressing a command, though also used to express a request or permission.

(grammar) a tense of verbs used in describing a past action that is incomplete or continuous

The imperfect tense in the indicative mood

(grammar) The imperfect tense in the subjunctive mood.

(grammar) A tense used to describe a past action that is ongoing, incomplete or continuous, or coincident with another action.

The imperfective aspect; a verb having this aspect.

(grammar) A feature of a verb which denotes that its action or condition does not have a fixed temporal boundary, but is habitual, unfinished, continuous, repetitive or in progress.

(grammar) An impersonal word or construct.

(grammar) A construction that removes the subject from an intransitive verb, as in the Dutch sentence Er wordt gefloten ("[Someone] whistled"). Also known as pseudopassive.

a pronoun such as it used as the subject of a clause involving weather, distance, or time

(linguistics) A verb used only in the infinitive or in the third person. In the third person, the subject is either implied or a dummy.

(grammar) Abbreviation of imperfective. [Of, relating to or having the properties of the imperfective aspect.]

(grammar) noun that describes something general (rather than that which is purely unique)

In Italian, an /s/ followed by another consonant. When used immediately before a masculine noun beginning with an impure s, the definite article changes from il to lo in the singular and from i to gli in the plural, the indefinite article changes from un to uno, the partitive article changes from dei to degli, and some adjectives and pronouns also change form.

(grammar) Synonym of inessive

(grammar) An inchoative construction.

(linguistics) Of, or relating to the first-person plural pronoun when including the person being addressed.

(grammar) A group of words that appear to convey only part of a complete thought, lacking some component which is grammatically necessary to complete the thought.

(grammar) A word preceding a noun to indicate that the noun refers to any member of the class of objects named by the noun.

(grammar) A clause that can stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; contains at least a subject and a verb.

(grammar) A grammatical construction in which a noun or pronoun in the genitive or possessive case is used independently of the noun which it possesses.

(grammar, countable) A term in the indicative mood.

(grammar) The mood of a verb used in ordinary, factual, or objective statements.

(grammar) A grammatical role of a ditransitive verb that manifests a secondary or passive participant in an action, often a recipient or goal.

(grammar, of a verb) Taking an indirect object.

(grammar) Expressing the notion "from inside" or "out of".

(grammar) The grammatical case that is inelative.

(grammar) Of or relating to the grammatical case that in some languages indicates the state of being in or inside a location.

(grammar) noun case used to indicate location inside something. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions "in" or "inside", as in "inside the house". Languages that use the inessive case include Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Ossetian and Erzya.

(grammar) Abbreviation of infinitive. [(grammar) The infinitive mood or mode (a grammatical mood).]

Having a function or usage similar to an infinitive.

(grammar) A verbal noun formed from the infinitive of a verb.

(grammar) A word or affix attached to the stem of a verb in order to form the full infinitive.

(grammar, X-bar theory) A functional phrase that contains inflectional properties, such as tense and agreement, and whereby the sentence can be treated consisting of a head, complement and specifier.

(grammar) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.

An English verb's inflected form that ends in ing, including uses often analyzed as gerunds and present participles.

(grammar) Pertaining to the injunctive mood.

(linguistics) A case in the Finnish and Estonian languages. It expresses the means or the instrument used to perform an action.

(grammar): noun case used to indicate means. It answers the question "how?", and in English, this is usually expressed by the prepositional phrase by means of, as in "by means of the house". Languages that use the instructive case include Finnish and (rarely) Estonian.

(grammar) Applied to a case expressing means or agency, generally indicated in English by by or with with the objective.

(grammar) A noun case used to express means or agency—and is generally indicated in English by by or with with the objective. Languages that use the instrumental case include Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Dyirbal, Georgian, Latvian, Slovene, Polish, Quechua, Russian, Assamese, Turkish and Sanskrit. Extinct languages that used the instrumental case include Old English, Old Saxon and Old High German.

(grammar) A pronoun that emphasizes a preceding noun or another pronoun (as the word itself in “borrowing is itself a bad habit”)

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as an interjection.

(grammar) A pronoun used in a question. In English, the five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose (also used as relative pronouns). These require no antecedent.

(grammar) Of a modifier: such that its content does not interact with that of the modified noun. For example, in the phrase "ugly dog", "ugly" is intersective because the fact that the dog is ugly is independent of the fact that it is a dog. If you were to determine that it was a pet, then you could conclude that it is an ugly pet (that is, "ugly" applies to "pet", independent of whether the pet is a dog).

(grammar) Being an intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action.

(grammar) An intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action, as in verbs of motion such as walk, go, fly.

(grammar) Abbreviation of intransitive. [(grammar, of a verb) Not transitive: not having, or not taking, a direct object.]

(grammar) An intransitive verb.

A preposition used intransitively, ie, without an object, traditionally called an adverb, sometimes a particle.

(grammar) An action verb which does not take a direct object.

That modifies to intransitive form

(grammar, rare) Of or relating to a grammatical case with the sense "among" or "amidst".

(grammar) A dummy subject.

(grammar) Deviation from standard word order by putting the predicate before the subject. It takes place in questions with auxiliary verbs and in normal, affirmative clauses beginning with a negative particle, for the purpose of emphasis.

Of or relating to grammatical case in some languages that functions like the subjunctive mood.

(grammar) Initialism of indirect object. [(grammar) A grammatical role of a ditransitive verb that manifests a secondary or passive participant in an action, often a recipient or goal.]

An introduction, especially (particularly capitalized) Porphyry's introduction to the works of Aristotle.

(grammar) A phrase from which a wh-word cannot be extracted without yielding invalid grammar.

Alternative form of first person [(grammar) Forms of pronouns or verbs used for the speaker or writer of the sentence in which they occur.]

(grammar) Abbreviation of iterative. [(grammar) A verb showing the iterative aspect.]

(grammar) A verb showing the iterative aspect.

(grammar) A subclass of imperfective verbs that denote a continuously repeated action. An example in English would be the iterative verb sniffle, as opposed to the noniterative sniff.

(grammar) An element of syntax that serves as a junction.

(grammar) Of or in the jussive mood.

(grammar) A case of verbs, found in the Uralic and Northern Caucasian languages, used to indicate motion to a location; in the Northern Caucasian languages, the lative also takes up functions of the dative case.

(grammar) A case of verbs, found in the Uralic and Northern Caucasian languages, used to indicate motion to a location; in the Northern Caucasian languages, the lative also takes up functions of the dative case

Used to form the cohortative of verbs, equivalent of the first-person plural imperative in some other languages.

(grammar) A member of an open class of verbs typically expressing action, state, or other predicate meaning that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs.

(chiefly attributive, linguistics) A form of dependency grammar incorporating elements of case grammar and focusing on the lexicon.

(linguistics) A semantically incomplete verb which qualifies as a predicate only in combination with a predicative complement, usually a noun.

An adjective that limits a noun. They include definite articles, indefinite articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, indefinite adjectives, interrogative adjectives, cardinal adjectives, ordinal adjectives, proper adjectives and nouns used as adjectives.

(grammar) A word or short expression that links clauses or other syntactic elements.

(grammar) The present tense as used by convention to describe events in fictional works, such as when explaining the plot of a book or film.

(linguistics) A functional category that introduces the external argument of a predicate as its specifier.

(grammar) The locative case.

(grammar) A type of adverb that refers to a location or to a combination of a location and a relation to that location.

(grammar) A case used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Languages that use the locative case include Armenian, Azeri, Belarusian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Dyirbal, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Quechua, Russian, Sanskrit, Slovak, Slovene, Swahili, Turkish and Ukrainian. Some languages use the same locative case construct to indicate when, so the English phrase "in summer" would use the locative case construct.

(syntax) A passive construction that has an agent.

(grammar) A syntactic construction which uses the past participle, inflected in the ablative case, without an auxiliary verb yet not as an adjective, but silently supposing a verb to depend upon.

(grammar) A clause that can stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence and contains at least a subject and a verb.

(grammar) The verb in a clause with the highest semantic content.

(grammar) An adverb that describes the process, manner, or direction of an action.

(grammar) A clause that has another (subordinate) clause embedded within it.

(grammar) A mediopassive construction; a phrase that uses the mediopassive voice.

(grammar) Of or relating to the mirative mood.

(language education, grammar) Any of various conditional structures containing an "if" clause and a main clause and that is not the zero, first, second, or third conditional.

(German grammar) The declension pattern for attributive adjectives that follow the indefinite article ein, the negative article kein, and possessive determiners such as mein and dein.

(grammar) A modal verb.

(grammar) An adverb that qualifies a predicate with respect to way in which it is true.

(grammar) A verb used to express the mood (or tense) of another verb.

(grammar) case to express ability, intention, necessity, obligation, permission, possibility, etc.

(grammar) A verb whose primary function is to express grammatical mood.

(grammar) A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality.

(grammar) A word, phrase, or clause which is modified.

(grammar) That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.

(grammar) A word, phrase, or clause that limits or qualifies the sense of another word or phrase.

(grammar, linguistics) pertaining to a transitive verb that takes a single mandatory object, either a direct object or a primary object depending on the language.

(grammar) A transitive verb that takes only a direct object.

(grammar) A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality.

(grammar) In, marked by or pertaining to the motivative case.

(grammar) A grammatical adverbial case in Finnish.

(grammar) noun

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the noun in a constructed sentence.

(grammar) Abbreviation of noun. [(grammar, narrow sense) A word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English.]

(grammar) The historical present tense.

(chiefly grammar) Of or relating to a negative, especially to a word that indicates negation

(grammar) a clause that states a negative

An auxiliary verb used for negation in certain languages.

(grammar) A word (or other structural element) which causes negation (such as the word not in English).

A pronoun used in place of he, she, or singular they, especially one of the modern coinages used by some non-binary people.

(grammar) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words.

Alternative form of neutropassive [(grammar) The past perfect tense of a neuter (intransitive) verb which is formed by a passive participle.]

(grammar) The past perfect tense of a neuter (intransitive) verb which is formed by a passive participle.

(grammar) Abbreviation of nominative. [Giving a name; naming; designating.]

(grammar) agent noun

(grammar, rare) common noun

(grammar) attributive noun (noun denoting bearer of a quality or an attribute of a subject)

(grammar) concrete noun

(grammar) A noun denoting an instrument or tool.

A noun denoting the subject of the verb or verbal root that it is derived from.

(grammar, rare) proper noun

(Arabic grammar) a relative adjective

(Arabic grammar) verbal noun

(grammar) A part of speech that shares features with nouns and adjectives. (Depending on the language, it may comprise nouns, adjectives, possibly numerals, pronouns, and participles.)

(grammar) A clause that is used as a subject or object.

(grammar) An adjective that has undergone nominalization, and is thus used as a noun.

A nominative noun

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the nominative case; nominative

The nominative case.

in Ancient Greek, less frequent than the accusative absolute which is less frequent than the genitive absolute

(grammar) The case used to indicate the subject—or agent—of a finite verb.

(grammar) A noun phrase, introduced as if the subject of a sentence, that is not actually used as such.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to both the nominative and accusative cases at once, capable of conveying either the subject or direct object of the verb.

(grammar) A verb form that lacks a subject, is not inflected by tense, aspect, mood, number, gender or person and cannot serve as a predicate.

(linguistics) (of an adjective) Describing a quality that cannot normally be varied because it is extreme (e.g. freezing), absolute (e.g. dead), or classification (e.g. nuclear).

(grammar) Not being or relating to the absentative; indicating the presence of something.

(grammar, now rare, broad sense) Either a word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality or idea, or a word that modifies or describes a previous word or its referent; a substantive or adjective, sometimes also including other parts of speech such as numeral or pronoun.

(grammar) A noun that modifies another noun (thus functioning adjectivally) and that is optional (that is, it can be removed without affecting the grammar and essential meaning of the sentence); it may be a single word or a compound noun or noun phrase.

(linguistics) A grammatical category similar to gender in which nouns may be organised according to meaning, such as sex, animacy or shape. This is a prominent feature of some of the world's languages, notably the Bantu language family.

(grammar) a subordinate clause which functions as a subject or object of the main clause

(grammar) a noun which is used attributively to modify or qualify another noun, in a different way to an adjective. For example, in railway station, railway is used as a modifier to describe what kind of station it is.

(grammar, obsolete) A word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English.

(grammar, archaic) Synonym of proper noun

(linguistics) A type of third-person singular neopronoun constructed (often as an in-group identifier or nonce word) from a referent noun.

(grammar) The quality of a word or phrase behaving as a noun.

Having the characteristics of a noun.

A pro-drop language that may frequently leave out subject pronouns that are implied by verbal conjugations, such as Persian, Hebrew, and many Slavic and Romance languages.

(grammar, programming) Abbreviation of object. [A thing that has physical existence but is not alive.]

(grammar) The noun phrase which is an internal complement of a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. In a verb phrase with a transitive action verb, it is typically the receiver of the action.

(grammar) A complement which is coupled to an object.

(grammar) A pronoun that is used as the object of a sentence, such as "me", "him" or "us" in English.

(linguistics) A control verb whose shared object is not the subject.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the object of a sentence.

(grammar) The objective case.

(grammar) the form of a noun or pronoun used as the object of a verb or a preposition.

(grammar) A clause that takes place of the direct object of a verb.

Relating to, or represented as an object

(grammar) Any noun case except the nominative case (and sometimes the vocative case), where the noun is the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

(linguistics) A grammatical marker that distinguishes a relatively non-salient referent in a given context from a relatively salient (proximate) one.

(linguistics) A kind of expression that enters into an a-bar movement dependency and is said to bind a variable.

(grammar) Abbreviation of optative. [(grammar) A mood of verbs found in some languages (e.g. Sanskrit, Old Prussian, and Ancient Greek, but not English), used to express a wish.]

(grammar) Related or pertaining to the optative mood.

(grammar) Transmitting the sense of orientation towards an entity.

(grammar) A noun case that means "endowed with" or "supplied with".

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the preposition in a constructed sentence.

(grammar) A preposition or adverb that no longer performs a prepositional or adverbial function including particles in phrasal verbs, quasi-modal verbs, and determiner phrases and infinitive markers.

(grammar) Abbreviation of present participle. [(grammar) A nonfinite verb form that indicates an ongoing action or state and which can function as an adjective.]

(grammar) Of a Latin conjugation: composed of the verb sum with participial forms of the verbs conjugated (as in e.g. amaturus sum).

A clause, phrase or word which is inserted (usually for explanation or amplification) into a passage which is already grammatically complete, and usually marked off with brackets, commas or dashes.

(grammar) A linguistic category of words sharing syntactic or morphological behaviour and semantic properties, such as noun or verb.

(grammar) Abbreviation of participle. [(grammar) A form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. English has two types of participles: the present participle and the past participle. In other languages, there are others, such as future, perfect, and future perfect participles.]

(grammar) In some languages, e.g. in Finnish, an object that indicates incomplete action, as opposed to total object that indicates completed action.

(grammar) a participle

A participle used as an adjective, such as drowning in the drowning man and drowned in the drowned man.

(grammar) A form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. English has two types of participles: the present participle and the past participle. In other languages, there are others, such as future, perfect, and future perfect participles.

(linguistics) A part of speech that has no inherent lexical definition but must be associated with another word to impart meaning, often a grammatical category: for example, the English word to in a full infinitive phrase (to eat) or O in a vocative phrase (O Canada), or as a discourse marker (mmm).

(linguistics) A two-word verb, consisting of a verb and a particle (either an adverb or a preposition), that has idiomatic meaning; a phrasal verb or prepositional verb.

(grammar) A partitive word, phrase or case.

(grammar, countable) a use or instance of such an ablative case

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate that an object is affected only partially by the verb, or that the effect is not real. It often corresponds roughly to the English words "some" or "any." It is similar in many ways to the genitive case. Some languages that make use of the partitive case include Finnish and Estonian.

(grammar, uncountable) the dative case which represents the whole or set of which the head of a partitive phrase is a portion or subset

(grammar, countable) a use or instance of such a genitive case

(grammar) An archaic progressive construction in middle voice (syntactically active but semantically passive), replaced by the passive progressive in modern English. For example, "the house is building", "the meal was eating", "the trunks were carrying down" (today "the house is being built", "the meal is being eaten").

(grammar) A form of a verb that is in the passive voice.

(grammar) A participle indicating an ongoing or completed action or state in the passive voice, where a noun modified by the participle is taken to represent the patient of the action denoted by the verb.

(grammar) The form of a transitive verb in which its subject receives the action.

Of or related to passivism.

(linguistics) A term, in some languages, that is used to convert a verb into the passive

(grammar) The past tense.

(grammar) A compound tense used in literary French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, in function a pluperfect, and in form composed of the conjunction of the simple past tense of an auxiliary verb (avoir, être) with the past participle. Example: Après que la femme et l'homme l'eurent remercié = After the woman and the man had thanked him

(grammar) A tense used in some languages (such as French and Italian) in narrative, and in spoken language primarily when reading narrative or in storytelling, for completed actions in the past or in speaking of the dead. It is semantically the same as the simple past in many languages, including English.

A grammatical tense which expresses the past as an action which was still going on at the point in time described, say someone "was ...ing" something, as opposed to the already accomplished counterpart past perfect tense (where the action took place even further in the past)

(grammar) A tense in the Lithuanian language that indicates complete iterative action in the past, similar to the English used to but with the possibility of the action still continuing in the present.

(grammar) of, or relating to, the past participle

(grammar) A participle indicating a completed action or state.

(grammar) A tense that expresses an unbroken action continuing up to a certain time in the past. In English it is formed by using had been with a present participle.

(grammar) past continuous

(grammar) A grammatical form (often a verb form) that refers to an event, transaction, occurrence, or object that happened (or had happened), or existed, at some time before now (the applicable reference time).

(linguistics, grammar) The noun or noun phrase that is semantically on the receiving end of a verb's action.

(linguistics) Pertaining to a grammatical patient that receives the action of the verb.

(grammar, of a tense or verb form) Representing a completed action.

(grammar) The auxiliary verb that is combined with a past participle to form a compound perfect tense: in English, the verb have; in French, German, and Danish either the equivalent of have or the equivalent of be, depending on the verb.

In English, an infinitival phrase consisting of the infinitive of the auxiliary "have" (with or without a preceding "to") plus the past participle; a comparable phrase or word in other languages.

a simple (one-word) participle, traditionally called the past participle, used together with an auxiliary verb to form a perfect tense, such as "eaten" in English or "gegangen" in German

(grammar) A participle, prominent in some languages (e.g. Latin, Greek) but less common in English, describing something that happened to a noun (the subject) in the past.

In Latin, the three perfect tenses: perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect or past perfect, as contrasted with the present system: present, future, and imperfect. A verb in the perfect system indicates an action that has completed.

A verb form indicating that an action or state has been completed at the present time, in the past, or shall be completed in the future.

(grammar) a perfective verb form

(grammar) A feature of the verb which denotes viewing the event the verb describes as a completed whole, rather than from within the event as it unfolds. For example, "she sat down" as opposed to "she was sitting down". Since the focus is on the completion of what is expressed by the verb, this aspect is generally associated with the past and future tenses. This term is often used interchangeably with aorist aspect. This is not to be confused with the perfect tense.

(grammar) A sentence whose main clause appears at the end, after other, especially dependent, clauses.

(grammar) Describes a case, in very few inflected languages, that expresses movement through or along a referent noun, as "along" in "they travelled along the river".

(humorous, derogatory) The first-person singular pronoun "I".

(grammar) A linguistic category used to distinguish between the speaker of an utterance and those to whom or about whom they are speaking. See grammatical person.

(grammar) Denoting a person.

The person or people speaking. (first person)

(grammar) Abbreviation of perfective aspect. [(grammar) A feature of the verb which denotes viewing the event the verb describes as a completed whole, rather than from within the event as it unfolds. For example, "she sat down" as opposed to "she was sitting down". Since the focus is on the completion of what is expressed by the verb, this aspect is generally associated with the past and future tenses. This term is often used interchangeably with aorist aspect. This is not to be confused with the perfect tense.]

(linguistics, generative grammar) A grammatical feature that is usually exhibited in predicate-argument agreement, such as person, number, or gender.

(grammar) A noun consisting of a verb followed by a particle or preposition; the substantive counterpart of a phrasal verb (in grammar schemas that use that concept), conveying gerundive meaning.

(grammar) A preposition composed of several words rather than just one.

(grammar) A multi-word verb, consisting of a verb followed by an adverbial particle and a preposition, that has idiomatic meaning.

(linguistics) A two-word verb, consisting of a verb and a "small" adverb or particle, that has an idiomatic meaning not easily predictable from the individual parts.

A verb in this tense.

(grammar, of a verb) Tense of a verb used when referring to something that happened before a past setting or the imperfect; formed in English by adding had before the past participle of a verb, or by adding had been before the present participle of the verb.

(grammar) The plural form of a common noun

(grammar) Pertaining to action completed before or at a specific time.

(grammar) An adjective or adverb in the positive degree.

(grammar) That state of an adjective or adverb indicating simple quality, without comparison or relation to increase or diminution; as in wise, noble.

(linguistics) A polarity item that only appears in an affirmative (positive) licensing context.

(grammar) The possessive case.

(grammar) case used to express direct possession, ownership, origin, etc. Though similar in many ways to the genitive case, it is not always the same. Languages that have the possessive case include English and Quenya.

(grammar) A determiner used to demonstrate the possession of the thing referenced by the following noun; in English, they include my, his, her, our, your, its and their.

(grammar) A pronoun which expresses possession.

(grammar) A term (or phrase) that follows a determiner in a noun phrase and modifies the head noun.

(grammar) The grammatical case that is postessive.

(grammar) To modify or qualify the previous word or phrase

(grammar) A word that has the same purpose as a preposition but comes after the noun.

(grammar, of an adjective or other modifier) Placed after the word modified, either immediately after, as in two men abreast, or as part of a complement, as in those two men are bad.

(grammar) An adjective that is placed after the noun or pronoun that it modifies.

(grammar) The grammatical mood expressing possibility and potential.

(linguistics) Abbreviation of participle. [(grammar) A form of a verb that may function as an adjective or noun. English has two types of participles: the present participle and the past participle. In other languages, there are others, such as future, perfect, and future perfect participles.]

(grammar) Before an adjective.

(grammar) Before an adjective.

(grammar) Before an adverb.

(grammar) Before an adverb.

(countable, informal) Abbreviation of predicate. [(grammar) The part of the sentence (or clause) which states a property that a subject has or is characterized by.]

(grammar) The function of a phrase that precedes a determiner in a noun phrase and modifies the head noun.

(grammar, of an adjective) That may be used in the predicate of a sentence, especially following a form of the verb "to be".

(semantics) What a predicative complement or adjunct relates to.

Someone who predicates

(grammar) A noun used in the predicate of a sentence with a copulative verb or a factitive verb and that refers to the subject of the copulative verb or the direct object of the factitive verb. For example "He is a fireman" or "They made him chief".

(grammar) A portion of a predicate that lacks time indication.

An assertion or affirmation.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the predicate of a sentence.

(grammar, of an adjectival or nominal phrase) Modifying a noun while in a predicate phrase, which predicate phrase is other than the noun phrase and occurs after a verb, as a predicate; contrasted with attributive.

(grammar) An adjective that is not part of the noun clause it modifies, but is linked to it with a copula.

(grammar) An adverbial that is congruent with the subject of the sentence, present for example in Finnish.

(grammar) A term that may sometimes be used to describe the case marking a predicative nominative (a noun that renames the subject often following a linking verb), or for the adjective that agrees with it (predicative adjective).

That which predicates; that designates a property or relationship

affirmative; positive

(grammar) A conditional statement that includes a prediction in the dependent clause (e.g. "if it rains, the game will be cancelled", "give her an inch and she'll take a mile.").

(grammar) A modifier placed before the head of the phrase.

(grammar) A particle which precedes a noun, typically used in the Algonquin languages.

Non-subject elements that are placed at the beginning of a clause before the subject in an interrogative. (e.g. "which one" in "which one did you pick?").

(grammar) Abbreviation of preposition. [(grammar, strict sense) Any of a class of non-inflecting words typically employed to connect a following noun or a pronoun, in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word: a particle used with a noun or pronoun (in English always in the objective case) to make a phrase limiting some other word.]

(grammar) A dummy subject.

(grammar, strict sense) Any of a class of non-inflecting words typically employed to connect a following noun or a pronoun, in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word: a particle used with a noun or pronoun (in English always in the objective case) to make a phrase limiting some other word.

(grammar) In some languages, such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, a contraction of a preposition and an article, e.g. au in French (a contraction of à and le).

(grammar) noun case serving as object of a preposition. Prepositions that often govern the prepositional case include "about", "in", "on", and "near". Russian is an example of a language that uses the prepositional case.

(grammar) A phrase containing both a preposition and its object or complement; may be used as an adjunct or a modifier.

In certain Romance languages, the pronoun form which must be used following a preposition.

(linguistics) A two-word phrase, consisting of a verb and a preposition, that has idiomatic meaning.

A prepositive word.

(grammar) An adjective that occurs on an antecedent basis within a noun phrase.

(grammar, in reference to other languages) The present tense in the conditional mood.

(grammar) A tense that describes an ongoing action in the present. In English it is formed by use of a form of be with a present participle.

(grammar) The historical present tense.

A grammatical tense which presents the action in the present as continuous, not yet over

(grammar) The present tense in the indicative mood.

(grammar) A nonfinite verb form that indicates an ongoing action or state and which can function as an adjective.

(grammar) A perfect tense that expresses action in the past (usually completed) with consequences in the present time.

(grammar) A tense that expresses an unbroken action continuing at the present time, started in the past. In English it is formed by using have been with a present participle.

(grammar) present perfect continuous

(grammar) present continuous

(grammar) The present tense in the subjunctive mood.

In Latin, the three simple tenses: present, future, and imperfect, as contrasted with the perfect system, the three perfect tenses: perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect. Verbs in the present system tend to indicate an action that has not completed.

(grammar) A grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time.

(grammar) A clause using existential "there" with a verb other than a form of "be", as in "There followed a brief silence".

(grammar, archaic) The imperfect tense.

(uncommon, US) Alternative form of preterite [(grammar) A grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past.]

(grammar) A grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past.

(grammar) A verb tense indicating action in the past and marked by verb inflection; the preterite.

A preterite-present verb.

(grammar) A type of verb specific to Germanic languages in which the forms of the present tense resemble the forms normally found in the preterite (or past) tense of strong verbs. In modern English these are principally can, may, shall, will; one can also include the other verbs that do not (or not always) take -s in the third-person singular: dare, must, need, ought.

(grammar) Used only or chiefly in the preterite or past tenses.

(grammar, dated) The pluperfect.

(grammar) Any of a class of words in the Chinese language whose function is analogous to the cases, prepositions, and postpositions of other languages.

(grammar) A preverb.

(grammar) In English, inflectional tense: the synthetic distinction distinction between present and preterite.

(grammar) indicating the absence of something

(grammar) An alpha privative

(grammar) An adjective indicating that a noun refers to an object that is not of the class which that noun ordinarily refers to.

(grammar) Synonym of abessive case.

(grammar) A word that substitutes for words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, whose meaning is recoverable in context.

(grammar) A function word or expression that substitutes for a whole sentence whose content is recoverable from the context.

(Lojban grammar) pronoun

(linguistics, grammar) A pro-form used to substitute for a verb or verb phrase.

(linguistics) A term that is not an adjective but serves the same purpose.

(grammar) A progressive verb; a verb used in the progressive tense and (in English) generally conjugated to end in -ing.

(linguistics) A grammatical aspect that expresses the dynamic quality of actions that are in progress.

(grammar) A form of a verb in which its gerund (or present participle) is used with any form of the verb "to be"

(grammar) extending or completing a predication

(grammar) A declension, in some languages, of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of "by way of".

Abbreviation of pronoun. [(grammar) A type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective. English examples include I, you, him, who, me, my, each other.]

(grammar) A phrase that acts as a pronoun.

(grammar) An adverb which contains a pronominal element; generally such an adverb replaces a phrase of preposition + pronoun.

(grammar) A phrase that functions syntactically as a pronoun.

(linguistics, grammar) A form of verb that has an attached pronoun in some languages (e.g. French, Spanish).

(grammar) A word or construct that pronominalizes.

(grammar) A type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective. English examples include I, you, him, who, me, my, each other.

(grammar) Alternative form of demonstrative pronoun [(grammar) a pronoun that replaces a noun whose identity can be understood from the context; it indicates whether the noun is singular or plural, and whether it is near or far from the speaker or writer]

Obsolete form of pronoun. [(grammar) A type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective. English examples include I, you, him, who, me, my, each other.]

(grammar) Used to designate a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are usually written with an initial capital letter.

(grammar) An adjective derived from a proper noun, such as British derived from Britain.

(grammar) An article that indicates proper nouns.

(grammar) A word or phrase that is a noun denoting a particular person, place, organization, ship, animal, event, or other individual entity.

(grammar) A complete sentence.

(linguistics, Korean language) a specific verb form in the Korean language, also sometimes called the hortative or subjunctive assertive.

(grammar) A special form of the prolative case used to describe movement along a surface or way.

Alternative spelling of pro-sentence [(grammar) A function word or expression that substitutes for a whole sentence whose content is recoverable from the context.]

(logic, grammar) A clause that expresses a contingent element in a conditional sentence

Obsolete spelling of predicative [(grammar, of an adjectival or nominal phrase) Modifying a noun while in a predicate phrase, which predicate phrase is other than the noun phrase and occurs after a verb, as a predicate; contrasted with attributive.]

(linguistics) Having the form of a participial of a verb, but for which no such verb exists. For example, for the adjective yellow-bellied there is no corresponding verb "to yellow-belly".

Alternative spelling of pseudopassive [(grammar) A construction where the object of a preposition has been promoted to the role of subject, as in The problem was talked about.]

(grammar) A construction where the object of a preposition has been promoted to the role of subject, as in The problem was talked about.

(grammar) Of a clause or conjunction: expressing purpose.

That which qualifies, modifies, or restricts; a qualifying term or statement.

(grammar) A word or phrase, such as an adjective or adverb, that describes or characterizes another word or phrase, such as a noun or verb; a modifier; that adds or subtracts attributes to another.

adjectival noun, a specific Japanese part of speech. Some of these words can be used as regular nouns, and all can be used as adjectives when followed by the postfix な (na), in contrast to Japanese common adjectives, 形容詞 (keiyōshi). In Japanese grammar, these words are categorized as 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi).

(grammar) A subject in a grammatical case other than the nominative (used with certain verbs in some languages, e.g. Icelandic).

(grammar) Of an adverb: expressing how often, or how many times.

(grammar) A referential expression, such as "John" or "the dog": one that, unlike pronouns and anaphora, independently refers to, i.e., picks out, an entity in the world.

(grammar) A category of grammatical moods, the most common of which is the indicative mood, that indicate that something actually is, or is not, the case.

(grammar) A word which answers an interrogative.

(grammar) Abbreviation of reflexive. [(grammar) Referring back to the subject, or having an object equal to the subject.]

(grammar) A reflexive verb.

(grammar) An auxiliary grammatical construction in which the object of a clause is stated to be in the possession of the subject; usually as way to clarify, specify or emphasize the overall meaning of the statement.

A possessive pronoun that is reflexive; i.e. one that refers back to the subject

(grammar) In English: a personal pronoun, having a form of "self" as a suffix to show that the subject's action affects the subject itself.

A verb whose subject and direct object are the same.

(grammar) That which makes something reflexive.

(grammar) A verb which conjugates regularly. In English, a verb which uses an -ed suffix to form its past participle.

(grammar) An adjective that defines a relation and not a qualification.

(grammar) A relative pronoun used in an adjectival clause.

(grammar) A subordinate clause that modifies a noun.

(grammar) A pronoun that introduces a relative clause and refers to an antecedent. Some words that can be used as interrogative pronouns can alternatively be used as relative pronouns: what, which, who, and whom. The other relative pronouns are whoever, whomever, whatever, and that.

(grammar) A grammatical expression of time reference relative to a different point in time, at the moment being considered in the context

(linguistics) A grammatical element used to indicate a relative clause.

(grammar) Of or relating to such a construct.

(grammar, narratology) A form of speech used to express what another has said, often involving a change in tense.

(grammar) Indicating the state of a noun resulting from the completion of the action expressed by a verb, as with "blue" in "Mary painted the fence blue".

(grammar) A resumptive pronoun.

(grammar) A pronoun in a relative clause which refers to the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

(grammar) The function of a word in a phrase.

(grammar) A written sentence that inappropriately joins two (or more) independent clauses into a single sentence, often with only a comma as separator (comma splice), which should be rendered either as separate sentences or as clauses joined more appropriately (such as by a semicolon or by a comma and coordinating conjunction).

(linguistics) A perfect stem of a Latin verb which has been formed by adding an s to the end of the present stem.

(language education, grammar) A structure used to talk about improbable or impossible events in the present or future, containing an "if" clause (with a verb in the simple past) and a main clause (with would + an infinite verb).

(Latin grammar, uncountable) The future imperative mood (second- and third-person forms possible); indicating a command that is to be carried out both now and in future.

(grammar) The form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience. In English, the second person is used with the pronouns thou and you. In many languages the singular, applying to one person, and plural, applying to several people, are distinct.

(grammar) The possessive adjective associated with this form.

(grammar) The form of a verb used with the pronouns you (plural), y'all, you guys, etc., or their equivalents in other languages.

(grammar) The pronouns thou and you (singular), or their equivalents in other languages.

(grammar) In Greek, the aorist, imperfect or pluperfect tense.

(Lojban grammar) A word acting like a predicate, which is immediately preceded by one sumti (“argument”), x₁, and usually followed by one or more sumti (“arguments”): x₂, x₃... up to no further than x₅. It is analogous to a verb in natural languages (non-constructed languages).

(grammar) A grammatical case that denotes the similarity of one entity to another.

(grammar) A subclass of perfective verbs that denotes a momentary or punctiliar action (e.g., to sneeze, to blink).

(grammar) Of a verb: functioning rather like an auxiliary verb, but not considered to be a full member of that class.

(grammar) A partial clause; part of a clause.

(grammar) A grammatically complete series of words consisting of a subject and predicate, even if one or the other is implied, and typically beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop.

(grammar) An adverb that modifies an entire clause or sentence rather than a single word or phrase.

(grammar) In certain approaches to grammar, a part of the sentence, classified as one of subject, predicate, object, predicative and adverbial.

An incomplete sentence; a phrase or clause that is punctuated and capitalized as a sentence but does not constitute a complete grammatical sentence. It is usually caused by the failure to include a subject and a verb, or as the result of beginning a sentence with a subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun.

A comma preceding the final conjunction in a list of three or more items, especially to provide clarity.

(grammar) A pronoun that is inserted into a subordinate clause to refer to the antecedent of the relative pronoun, often converting the subordinate clause into a clause that can stand on its own as a sentence.

(grammar) in some languages, a shortened version of the illative case

(syntax) A passive construction that does not have an agent.

(grammar) The future tense.

(grammar) A tense used to describe something that happened in the past, formed by the inflection of a single word, without any auxiliary verb such as be or have.

(grammar) The present tense; a verb or sentence in this tense.

(grammar) A sentence that contains one independent clause and no dependent clause.

(grammar) In English, the tense of a verb which is used specifically in the simple aspect--that is, the verb alone does not indicate whether the action is complete or habitual--and is usually used independently of any auxiliary verbs, with the known exceptions of 'will', 'shall', and 'would'.

(grammar) A grammatical case expressing similarity.

(grammar) A singulative form or construction.

(grammar) A minimal predicate structure that possesses arguments and predicates but no tense: small clauses usually occur within the context of full clauses and may act as the direct object of the verb.

(grammar) The sociative case.

(grammar) case in Hungarian, Malayalam, Basque etc. meaning together with

(grammar) An infinitive with one or more modifiers inserted between the to and the verb.

(grammar) A construct asserting that a subject has a particular property.

(grammar) A verb which generally expresses a state rather than an action or activity. Not normally found in a continuous inflection.

(grammar) Inflecting in a different manner than the one called weak, such as Germanic verbs which change vowels.

(linguistics) A class of words in many Germanic languages including English, which decline irregularly rather than by suffixation (for example goose, whose plural is geese).

(grammar) Any of a class of Germanic verbs which use ablaut as opposed to a dental affix to indicate tense.

(grammar) A subordinate clause.

A condition (logical clause) making up part of a more complex condition.

(grammar) The grammatical case that is subessive.

Obsolete spelling of subject [(grammar) In a clause: the word or word group (usually a noun phrase) about whom the statement is made. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same.]

(Uralic linguistics, of verbs) Characterizing verbs or verbal affixes denoting actions that occur suddenly or sharply.

Abbreviation of subject. [(grammar) In a clause: the word or word group (usually a noun phrase) about whom the statement is made. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same.]

(grammar) In a clause: the word or word group (usually a noun phrase) about whom the statement is made. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same.

Synonym of subjective case

(grammar) a clause that is the subject of a sentence

(grammar) A complement which is coupled to a subject.

(grammar) A pronoun that is used as the subject of a sentence, such as "I", "he" "she" "they" or "we" in English.

(linguistics, of a control verb) whose shared object is its subject.

(grammar) Of or pertaining to the subject of a sentence.

(linguistics, grammar) Describing conjugation of a verb that indicates only the subject (agent), not indicating the object (patient) of the action. (In linguistic descriptions of Tundra Nenets, among others.)

(grammar) The case used to indicate the subject – or agent – of a finite verb.

(grammar) An adverb that expresses a condition

(countable) A form in the subjunctive mood.

(grammar) The subjunctive mood.

(grammar) Mood expressing an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes and commands.

(grammar, rare) The property of being in the subjunctive mood.

(grammar) Of or relating to the sublative case.

(grammar) The sublative.

(grammar) A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence, but functions as either a noun, adjective or adverb in a sentence.

(grammar) A word that appears at the beginning of a subordinate clause and establishes its nature.

(grammar) Used to introduce a subordinate sentence.

(grammar) Any of a lexical class of words that join clauses at a subordinate syntactic level.

A subsidiary part of a predicate

(linguistics) Having the property that when used to modify a noun, it denotes a subset of the all possible denotations of the noun, but does not modify any other meanings of the entity that the noun denotes. For example "habitual" in the phrase "habitual liar" is subsective. If the liar is also a woman, the fact that she is a habitual liar does not imply that she is a "habitual woman".

(grammar) Of or pertaining to a substantive.

(grammar) An adjective used alone in the absence of the noun that it modifies.

(grammar) A case of second objects, being a derivation of the comparative case but intended for larger, more substantial objects, and used to join or combine one thing with another. It corresponds roughly to a variation of the accusative case: I understood him (him in the substantive case rather than the accusative, since no action is performed on the object). Languages that use the substantive case include Chechen and Ingush.

(grammar) Synonym of independent genitive.

(linguistics) In the Goidelic languages, a copular verb meaning “to be” that is used with predicates that are prepositional phrases, adverbs, or adjectives, but not with predicates that are noun phrases: Old Irish at·tá, Irish bí (present tá), Scottish Gaelic bi (present tha), Manx bee (present ta).

(grammar) pro-form

(Lojban grammar) a (Lojban analogue of a) preposition; a "sumti label" for extra sumti (“arguments”) of the selbri which the sumti tcita modifies. (By "extra sumti" are meant sumti which have not been assigned places in the selbri (“predicate”)'s place structure).

(grammar) Noun case used to indicate location on an object. In English, it roughly corresponds to the prepositions "on" or "on top of", as in "on top of the house". Hungarian is a language that uses the superessive case.

(Swedish grammar) A verb form, used together with a form of the auxiliary verb ha (="have") to create the perfect and pluperfect tenses.

(grammar) An adverbial participle or verbless clause lacking a subordinator.

(grammar) Which supplies an etymologically unrelated word with forms, or which is used as one of its forms, by suppletion (for example, in English, better and best are suppletive forms of good).

Alternative form of T-form [(linguistics) A second-person pronoun used in informal situations, to address friends, family, and sometimes inferiors.]

(linguistics) A second-person pronoun used in informal situations, to address friends, family, and sometimes inferiors.

(uncountable, linguistics) Initialism of tense, aspect, mood. [(grammar, countable) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.]

(grammar) A noun case used to specify a time. In English, this is usually expressed by the preposition "at," as in "at six o’clock," "at midnight," "at Christmas." Hungarian is a language that uses the temporal case.

(linguistics, grammar, countable) An inflected form of a verb that indicates tense.

(linguistics) of, or relating to the terminative case

(grammar) a clause in a sentence that is introduced by the word that.

(grammar) A function of the arguments of a verb, which maps them bijectively to a set (which depends lexically on the verb) called the “theta grid”.

(grammar, especially transformational grammar) Abbreviation of thematic role. [(grammar) A function of the arguments of a verb, which maps them bijectively to a set (which depends lexically on the verb) called the “theta grid”.]

(language education, grammar) A structure used to talk about unreal or unfulfilled events in the past, containing an "if" clause (with a verb in the past perfect) and a main clause (with would + the bare perfect infinitive of a verb).

(grammar) the form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is not the audience or the one making the statement. In English, pronouns used with the third person include he, she, it, one, they, and who.

(grammar) A variety of third-person verb form used when the subject of a sentence is exactly two people other than the speaker or the audience, used in some languages, such as Greek.

(grammar) The form of a verb used (in English and other languages) with plural nouns and with the pronoun they (or its equivalents in other languages).

The pronouns he, she, it and one (or their equivalents in other languages).

(linguistics) Initialism of tense, mood, and aspect. [(grammar, countable) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.]

(grammar) The English infinitive verb form when introduced by the particle to.

(grammar) Relating to a grammatical case, similar to the passive, that indicates something is being allowed or tolerated.

(grammar) In some languages, e.g. in Finnish, an object that indicates completed action, as opposed to partial object that indicates incomplete action.

(grammar, of a verb) Taking a direct object or objects.

(grammar): A verb that is accompanied (either clearly or implicitly) by a direct object in the active voice. It links the action taken by the subject with the object upon which that action is taken. Consequently, transitive verbs can also be used in the passive voice when the direct object of the equivalent active-voice sentence becomes the subject.

(grammar) The translative case.

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change in the state of a noun; the Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian languages have such a case

(linguistics) An unaccusative verb.

(linguistics) An unergative verb.

(grammar, X-bar theory) A type of entity in X-bar theory, denoting the verb in a constructed sentence.

(linguistics) A second-person pronoun used in formal situations, to address unfamiliar people and superiors.

(linguistics) A perfect stem of a Latin verb which has been formed by adding a v or u to the end of the present stem.

(grammar) verb intransitive or intransitive verb (often appears in dual language dictionaries)

(linguistics) The number of arguments that a verb can have, including its subject, ranging from zero (for the likes of "It rains") to three (for the likes of "Bob gives Alice a flower") or, less commonly, four.

(grammar) A grammatical word, particle, or inflection that indicates motion to or toward a thing; or, the indication so provided.

(grammar) A word that indicates an action, event, or state of being.

(grammar) A specific instance or form of a verb, as opposed to the entire verb taken in the abstract.

(grammar)

(linguistics) A construction in a clause consisting of a verb and its internal complements, objects, or modifiers.

(linguistics, syntax) Encoding a path of motion, a change of state, or grammatical aspect in the main verb, as opposed to using a satellite to supply this information. For example "ascend" as opposed to "climb up" or "descend" as opposed to "climb down".

verb-object construction

(countable, grammar) A verb form which does not function as a predicate, or a word derived from a verb. In English, infinitives, participles and gerunds are verbals.

(grammar) A noun that is morphologically related to a verb and similar to it in meaning; in English, it contrasts with the gerund and the deverbal noun.

(grammar) A morpheme, particle, etc. that converts a word into a verb.

Alternative form of verb form [(grammar) A specific instance or form of a verb, as opposed to the entire verb taken in the abstract.]

(grammar) A nonfinite verb form, such as, in English, an infinitive, participle, or gerund.

(Welsh grammar) A verb form which acts as a defective noun, having functions similar to the English infinitive and gerund, and the Latin supine.

(grammar) Any of various grammatical entities that resemble verbs in some way.

(grammar) Initialism of verb inanimate intransitive.

Abbreviation of vocative. [(grammar) The vocative case]

(grammar) The vocative case

(grammar) case of address, case used for a noun identifying the person or thing being addressed. It corresponds to the archaic English particle "O" as used in solemn or poetic address e.g.: Hear me, O Albion! Languages that regularly employ the vocative include Arabic, Bulgarian, Czech, Georgian, Greek, Hawaiian, Hindi-Urdu, Irish, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ojibwe, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian/Rusyn, Sanskrit, Scottish Gaelic, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Tamil and Ukrainian.

(linguistics) A specific volitive form of a verb.

Verb-Object-Subject: a language is VOS if a typical sentence starts with the verb, followed by the object, followed by the subject.

(grammar) verb transitive or transitive verb (often in dictionaries)

(Germanic languages, of adjectives) Definite in meaning, often used with a definite article or similar word.

(grammar) A verb the conjugation of which is regular.

(grammar) A dummy it that is used to talk about the weather, sometimes extended to similar uses with other topics.

Introducing a verb phrase (bare infinitive clause).

(grammar, X-bar theory) A phrase, or, equivalently, a node in a syntax tree, which consists either of: (1) an adjunct and another X-bar phrase, (2) a head, X, and an optional complement, or (3) a conjunction sandwiched between two other X-bars. The X is a "pro-letter" which can be substituted by letters such as N for noun, V for verb, P for preposition, I for inflectional, etc.

(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun you (in the past, especially to use you rather than thou, when you was considered more formal).

(grammar) The unstated subject of a command sentence, where it is assumed the subject is the person to whom the command is directed.

(language education, grammar) A structure used to talk about general truths or facts, containing an "if" clause (with a verb in the present tense) and a main clause (with a verb in the present tense).

(linguistics) The joining of the subject to the predicate without using a copula, as in "the more the merrier".

(grammar) a German infinitive form created by adding or infixing the particle zu and used in subordinate clauses

(Japanese grammar) An adjective that necessitates the copula な if followed by a noun.