n
(philosophy, usually capitalized, usually preceded by "the") The whole of reality; the totality to which everything is reduced; the unity of spirit and nature; God.
n
(metaphysics) One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the Absolute.
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(usually capitalized) The historical period when philosophy, science, and social thought were associated with the principles of rationalism and the celebration of the achievements of human reason, often considered to be centered in the 18th century.
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(metaphysics) A belief in the existence of all possible entities including past and future things or unactualised possibilities.
n
(philosophy) A style of philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century.
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(philosophy, often italicized) The first principle of existing things in pre-Socratic philosophy, initially assumed to be of water.
n
(ethics) The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; contrasted with eudaemonics.
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A system of thinking about ethics that centers on virtues.
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(philosophy) The part of moral philosophy that deals with virtue, its nature, and how to attain it.
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(philosophy) An argument for the existence of sense-data, and thus a criticism of direct realism, according to which what we perceive (such as a stick that looks bent because it is viewed underwater) is distinct from the actual thing perceived (the straight stick).
adj
Of or relating to artivism.
n
(philosophy) The doctrine that society arises from individuals and that larger structures are unimportant.
n
A person, especially a philosopher, who studies theory of value.
n
(philosophy) A theory that aims to produce a constitutive account of intentionality.
adj
Of or relating to conceptualism.
n
(philosophy) A subbranch of analytic philosophy concerned with normative inquiry into conceptual repertoires.
adj
Of or relating to consequentialism or its adherents.
adj
of or relating to consequentialism
n
(philosophy) Any of various philosophical traditions strongly influenced by certain 19th and 20th century philosophers from mainland Europe, such as Hegel.
adj
Of or relating to deductivism.
adj
(ethics, linguistics) Pertaining to necessity, duty or obligation, or expressions conveying this.
adj
(philosophy) Of, or relating to determinism.
n
(philosophy) The view that existence has no telos or final cause from purposeful design.
n
Alternative form of eclecticism [The quality of being eclectic]
n
(ethics, philosophy) A philosophy and social movement that advocates the use of evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others.
n
(ethics, philosophy) A proponent of effective altruism ("a philosophy and social movement that advocates the use of evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others").
n
The view that things are constructed from simpler elements.
adj
(philosophy) Of or pertaining to eliminativism.
adj
Pertaining to emotivism.
n
(philosophy) The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle's best-known work on ethics.
n
(ethics) The branch of ethics that examines questions of moral right and wrong relating to the management, protection, or endangerment of the natural environment.
n
Alternative form of epikeia [(philosophy, theology) The principle in ethics that a law can be broken to achieve a greater good.]
n
(specifically Ancient Greek philosophy) know-how; compare techne.
n
(philosophy) In the history of Western philosophy, the shift in philosophical attention from the classical and medieval focus on themes of metaphysics to a primary focus on themes and issues relating to human knowledge, usually considered to have occurred during the period from Descartes (1596-1650) through Kant (1724-1804).
n
a financial investment that screens the companies to be invested in for their social outlook and business morality
n
A person, especially a philosopher, who studies ethics (principles governing right and wrong conduct).
adj
Relating to ethics and morality.
n
(philosophy) The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct.
n
Any philosophy or life stance that does not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural.
adj
Of, relating to, or advocating evaluativism.
adj
Of or relating to evidentialism.
n
(ethics) Ethics - the study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct - that is informed yet not uniquely determined by sociobiology - the application of the principles of evolutionary biology to the study of social behaviour in both humans and animals.
adj
(philosophy) Of, or relating to existentialism.
adj
Of or pertaining to existentialism.
adj
(ethics) Pertaining to or advocating expressivism, the doctrine that the primary function of moral sentences and sensation sentences (like "I am in pain") is to express an evaluative attitude, rather than stating a fact
n
(epistemology) The doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs
adj
(mathematics) Of or pertaining to frequentism.
n
(philosophy) interpretationism
n
An ethical system that centers on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity and freedom; especially used for a secular one which rejects theistic religion and superstition.
n
(philosophy) Materialism: the theory that there is nothing beyond matter.
n
(psychology) The set of ideas arising from an ontology of identity.
adj
Of or relating to impersonalism.
n
(philosophy) The doctrine that nothing exists but the individual self.
adj
(philosophy, semantics) Of, pertaining to or supporting a belief in the primary importance of inference to any account of meaning
adj
Relating to instructivism
adj
Of or relating to intentionalism.
n
(sociology) A theory proposed by Max Weber which argues that rationalization and rules trap humans in a figurative "cage" of thought.
n
(philosophy) A Platonic teaching consisting of the harmonious combination of bodily, moral and spiritual virtues.
n
(ethics, philosophy) An ethical theory, generally associated with effective altruism, which prioritizes improving the conditions of the long-term or distant future, rather than focusing exclusively on the present (as in neartermism).
n
(philosophy) The philosophical belief that nothing exists beyond what is physical.
n
(philosophy) One who is involved in metaphilosophy.
n
(philosophy) The study of the subject, matter, methods, and aims of philosophy.
n
(philosophy) The view, dating from Parmenides, that whatever exists must always have existed and cannot ever change or cease to exist.
n
(philosophy) The metaphysical belief that morality exists objectively, so that at least some actions, thoughts and behavior are morally good or morally bad.
n
An invalid scientific philosophy in which any single instance of refuting data is enough to falsify the entire claim.
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(philosophy) Any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature as a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by a will.
n
(philosophy) The theory that perception supplies direct awareness of the external world
n
(ethics, philosophy) An ethical theory which prioritizes improving the conditions of the present and near future, rather than thinking about the distant future (as in longtermism).
adj
Of or pertaining to objectivism.
n
One who relies on empirical observations.
n
(philosophy, theology) A type of argument which maintains that the existence of God can be deduced from an analysis of the concept of God.
n
(philosophy) An ideological system which maintains that God and divine ideas are the first object of our intelligence and the intuition of God's existence the first act of our intellect.
n
(countable, philosophy) The theory of a particular philosopher or school of thought concerning the fundamental types of entity in the universe.
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(philosophy) A comprehensive explanation for being (in contrast to merely a description of being, or a reason for being).
n
(philosophy) The doctrine that this universe exists because it is better than the alternatives.
n
A belief or doctrine, ism
n
The question of one's psychological continuity and personal identity surviving through various philosophical thought experiments.
n
(philosophy) An ethical philosophy of personhood according to which rights are conferred on a creature to the extent that it is a person.
n
(philosophy) Especially in philosophical idealism, the world as it appears to human beings as a result of being structured by human understanding; the world as experienced, as opposed to the world of things-in-themselves.
n
(philosophy) A philosopher who practices, advocates, or specializes in the scholarly study of phenomenology.
n
(philosophy) A supposed essential core of philosophical beliefs epitomized in various writers from different temporal and geographic zones.
n
A method used by philosophers involving such elements as skepticism and methodic doubt, argumentation, and presentation of arguments for criticism by other philosophers.
n
Process or action of philosophizing.
n
(countable) A comprehensive system of belief.
n
(philosophy, countable) The views of a particular philosopher or philosophical movement concerning the matters studied within this area of philosophy.
n
(philosophy, uncountable) The study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science, including such questions as what distinguishes science from non-science, what are the aims of science, or what is a successful scientific explanation of a phenomenon.
n
(philosophy, theology, dated) The view that evidence and sound arguments for God's existence can be derived from a study of the natural world; a study of the natural world intended to provide such evidence.
n
(philosophy) A world conceived in the imagination of persons and concluded to be metaphysically and logically possible because it can be so conceived.
n
An art theory that builds upon the legacy of conceptual art.
adj
(ethics) Belonging to the last of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development, involving a social contract orientation and universal ethical principles.
adj
(psychology) Following the formal operational stage (the last of Jean Piaget's four stages of human cognitive development), and involving more complex forms of thinking such as self-reference, pragmatism, and acceptance of paradoxes.
n
(philosophy) A thing viewed through a pragmatic lens, i.e. a tool viewed as the sum of practical consequences for which it is responsible.
n
(philosophy) A philosophy of praxics
n
Ahistorically interpreting past phenomena in terms of current beliefs and knowledge.
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(philosophy) A form of philosophy based upon the questioning of questioning, to derive a new foundational principle of thought and a new conception of logical difference.
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(sciences) The viewpoint that an external reality exists independent of observation.
n
Alternative form of scientism [The belief that the scientific method and the assumptions and research methods of the physical sciences are applicable to all other disciplines (such as the humanities and social sciences), or that those other disciplines are not as valuable.]
n
The belief that all truth is exclusively discovered through science.
adj
Relating to selectionism
n
(philosophy) The philosophical strategy that asserts the validity of only a single interpretation.
n
(philosophy) A movement in contemporary philosophy that defines itself loosely in its stance of metaphysical realism against the dominant forms of post-Kantian philosophy (or what it terms correlationism).
n
A focus on the subjective standpoints of individuals, as opposed to objectivity.
adj
Of or relating to substantialism.
n
(philosophy) The idea that whether an action is right or wrong is determined by its consequences.
n
(by extension) An instance of such a design or purpose, usually in natural phenomena.
n
A philosophy which holds that reasoning is key to understanding reality (associated with Kant); philosophy which stresses intuition and spirituality (associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson); transcendental character or quality.
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(slang, humorous) An area of philosophy dealing with the kind of moral dilemma typified by the trolley problem of whether to sacrifice one person to save others.
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(philosophy) A system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness.
n
(ethics) A philosopher or other thinker who advocates or employs virtue ethics.
n
Alternative form of holism [A theory or belief that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.]
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