Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, also known in the United States as the Byzantine Catholic Church, is a sui iuris (autonomous) Eastern Catholic church based in Eastern Europe and North America.

a voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 until the First Partition of Poland in 1772,Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. by Zygmunt Gloger 1903.

a particular church of the Catholic Church in the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Ruthenian nobility originated in the territories of Kievan Rus' and Galicia–Volhynia, which were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Russian and Austrian Empires.