Panthera pardus tulliana, also called Persian leopard, Anatolian leopard, and Caucasian leopard in different parts of its range, is a leopard subspecies that was first described in 1856 based on a zoological specimen found in western Anatolia.

Panthera pardus spelaea, also known as the European Ice Age leopard or the cave leopard, is a fossil leopard subspecies which roamed Europe in the Late Pleistocene and possibly the Holocene.