Study of dynamical systems' averages.

Converges to same limit regardless.

Measure-preserving, invariant under time shifts.

a term coined by Espen J. Aarseth in his 1997 book Cybertext—Perspectives on Ergodic Literature to describe literature in which nontrivial effort is required for the reader to traverse the text.

In physics, statistics, econometrics and signal processing, a stochastic process is said to be in an ergodic regime if an observable's ensemble average equals the time average.

In physics and thermodynamics, the ergodic hypothesisOriginally due to L. Boltzmann.