The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire, which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia.

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests,, also known as the Arab conquests,, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place between the 13th and the 18th centuries, establishing the Indo-Muslim period.

Umar was the second Rashidun Caliph and reigned during 634–644.