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Literary notes about without (AI summary)

In literature, the word "without" is a versatile device used to indicate absence, exclusion, or a lack of necessity, often heightening the impact of a statement or action. Philosophers and thinkers use it to highlight independence or separation, as Schopenhauer does when describing an immaterial soul acting "without co-operation of the body" [1]. Novelists and storytellers employ "without" to underscore surprising behavior or omissions in character actions—for instance, Twain’s depiction of an uninvited arrival [2] or Maupassant’s portrayal of a character acting "without knowing why" [3]. This preposition also serves to set contrasts or emphasize deficits, as seen when essential qualities or elements, like light or harmony, are deliberately omitted to enhance meaning [4][5]. In each case, "without" not only denotes absence but also subtly shapes tone and context, inviting readers to consider how what is missing affects the overall narrative or philosophical argument.
  1. In its higher faculty the immaterial soul was active solely by itself, and without co-operation of the body.
    — from The Basis of Morality by Arthur Schopenhauer
  2. Father Adolf followed; also, after a little, the astrologer, without invitation.
    — from The Mysterious Stranger, and Other Stories by Mark Twain
  3. I put the pillow over them, without knowing why.
    — from Complete Original Short Stories of Guy De Maupassant by Guy de Maupassant
  4. It must have been cold there... and it is from there that you have brought this bad habit of doing without light and wine.
    — from Best Russian Short Stories
  5. She was fair of skin, but a flighty vain coquette, without heart or brains—a second Madame d'Espard, except for her lack of intelligence.
    — from Repertory of The Comedie Humaine, Complete, A — Z by Cerfberr and Christophe

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