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Literary notes about say (AI summary)

The word "say" in literature serves a variety of functions—sometimes it acts as the simple act of communicating dialogue, while at other times it carries deeper rhetorical, philosophical, or narrative weight. For instance, in Austen's work [1], the word underscores a personal expression of sympathy, while Shakespeare’s playful inquiry in [2] uses "say" to challenge and engage directly with the audience. In other contexts, as seen in Dante’s ironic remark [3] and Dickens’s emphatic repetition [4], "say" bridges the realms of reported speech and embedded commentary. Authors also employ it to denote widely held beliefs or hearsay, as seen in Conrad’s usage [5] and biblical prescriptions [6, 7], or to frame reflective personal thoughts, as when a character candidly admits uncertainty in Tolstoy [8]. Thus, across genres and eras, "say" operates not only as a marker of speech but also as a versatile literary device that reveals character, context, and cultural nuance.
  1. What I have to say relates to poor Lydia.
    — from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
  2. Say, what art thou that talk'st of kings and queens?
    — from The Complete Works of William Shakespeare by William Shakespeare
  3. Literally it is ‘woodland,’ and some say it refers to the Cerchi having originally come from a well-wooded district; which is absurd.
    — from The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: The Inferno by Dante Alighieri
  4. "But for all that, I say again, he may come, and come, and come, and I won't have anything to say to him.
    — from Bleak House by Charles Dickens
  5. No doubt a wicked attempt to blow up the Observatory, they say.
    — from The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale by Joseph Conrad
  6. Command the children of Israel, and say to them: When you shall have passed over the Jordan, entering into the land of Chanaan, 33:52.
    — from The Bible, Douay-Rheims, Complete
  7. Strive to enter by the narrow gate: for many, I say to you, shall seek to enter and shall not be able.
    — from The Bible, Douay-Rheims, Complete
  8. He saw she was saying what she forced herself to say, not what she wanted to say.
    — from Anna Karenina by graf Leo Tolstoy

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