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Literary notes about refinement (AI summary)

The term refinement in literature is employed with a rich diversity of meanings. It can denote cultivated social manners and intellectual grace, as when characters are described as possessing an innate elegance or a cultured upbringing ([1], [2], [3]). At the same time, refinement is often used as a comparative marker, emphasizing a disparity between the polished and the crude—from the unrefined brutality of a character to the delicate, artful touch in creative work ([4], [5], [6]). In some contexts, it even extends to technical or methodological processes, suggesting the removal of impurities or the attainment of a perfected form ([7]). Thus, whether highlighting subtle social distinctions or the quality of art and technique, refinement remains a multifaceted concept in literary discourse ([8], [9]).
  1. She was a woman of education, refinement and marked ability, and enjoyed an intimate friendship with some of the best families of New York.
    — from The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (Volume 1 of 2) by Ida Husted Harper
  2. The poet's mother was a woman of refinement and social grace, with a deep interest in religion and in local charities.
    — from English Literature by William J. Long
  3. Among them were many noted for their culture and refinement, and for their attainments in the departments of literature, medicine, divinity and law.
    — from The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (Volume 1 of 2) by Ida Husted Harper
  4. Tell her what Heathcliff is: an unreclaimed creature, without refinement, without cultivation; an arid wilderness of furze and whinstone.
    — from Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë
  5. He has neither taste nor refinement; he is amused by everything and pleased by nothing.
    — from Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims by François duc de La Rochefoucauld
  6. Hallward painted away with that marvellous bold touch of his, that had the true refinement and perfect delicacy that come only from strength.
    — from The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
  7. The naphtha then undergoes the process of refinement.
    — from The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America by Thomas Jefferson
  8. ‘Here we have a striking example of one of the manifold advantages of civilisation and refinement.
    — from The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens
  9. The refinement and grace of its beauty appeal to our aesthetic sense as no other flower can.
    — from Bushido, the Soul of Japan by Inazo Nitobe

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