Literary notes about includes (AI summary)
The word “includes” in literature often functions as a tool to specify the boundaries of a set or category, clarifying what is incorporated into a broader concept. For instance, Plato uses it to distinguish between different realms by stating that “Music includes literature” [1], while also highlighting exclusionary nuance when a character remarks that the word “every one” hardly includes him [2]. Authors extend its use to enumerate concrete components, such as when Scott describes time as comprising “Six Days” divided into cantos [3] or when literal jurisdictions are detailed, like a government that exists as part of a larger body politic [4]. At the same time, “includes” can emphasize abstract wholes, from Darwin’s explanation of natural variation encompassing both monsters and varieties [5] to Dewey’s reflection on experience, which includes liberating introspection [6]. In each case, the term serves to both delineate and unify elements within a complex system or idea.
- Music includes literature, and literature is of two kinds, true and false.
— from The Republic by Plato - I fear, said Glaucon, laughing, that the word ‘every one’ hardly includes me, for I cannot at the moment say what they should be; though I may guess.
— from The Republic of Plato by Plato - The time of Action includes Six Days, and the transactions of each Day occupy a Canto.
— from The Lady of the Lake by Walter Scott - The government is on a small scale what the body politic which includes it is on a great one.
— from The Social Contract & Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau - He includes monsters; he includes varieties, not solely because they closely resemble the parent-form, but because they are descended from it.
— from On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin - But experience also includes the reflection that sets us free from the limiting influence of sense, appetite, and tradition.
— from How We Think by John Dewey