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Literary notes about includes (AI summary)

The word “includes” in literature often functions as a tool to specify the boundaries of a set or category, clarifying what is incorporated into a broader concept. For instance, Plato uses it to distinguish between different realms by stating that “Music includes literature” [1], while also highlighting exclusionary nuance when a character remarks that the word “every one” hardly includes him [2]. Authors extend its use to enumerate concrete components, such as when Scott describes time as comprising “Six Days” divided into cantos [3] or when literal jurisdictions are detailed, like a government that exists as part of a larger body politic [4]. At the same time, “includes” can emphasize abstract wholes, from Darwin’s explanation of natural variation encompassing both monsters and varieties [5] to Dewey’s reflection on experience, which includes liberating introspection [6]. In each case, the term serves to both delineate and unify elements within a complex system or idea.
  1. Music includes literature, and literature is of two kinds, true and false.
    — from The Republic by Plato
  2. I fear, said Glaucon, laughing, that the word ‘every one’ hardly includes me, for I cannot at the moment say what they should be; though I may guess.
    — from The Republic of Plato by Plato
  3. The time of Action includes Six Days, and the transactions of each Day occupy a Canto.
    — from The Lady of the Lake by Walter Scott
  4. The government is on a small scale what the body politic which includes it is on a great one.
    — from The Social Contract & Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  5. He includes monsters; he includes varieties, not solely because they closely resemble the parent-form, but because they are descended from it.
    — from On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin
  6. But experience also includes the reflection that sets us free from the limiting influence of sense, appetite, and tradition.
    — from How We Think by John Dewey

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