Literary notes about bier (AI summary)
The word “bier” has been used in literature in a remarkably versatile manner, functioning both as a literal object in funeral rites and as a poignant metaphor for mortality and the human condition. In historical and mythic narratives—from Thucydides’ account of missing bodies on a decked bier [1] to Homer’s portrayal of fallen warriors borne on a lofty bier [2]—the term underscores the solemnity of death and ritual [3]. Poets such as Robert Burns and Victor Hugo invoke the bier to symbolize the transient boundary between life and death, as seen in references to mourning and the ephemeral nature of human existence [4, 5]. Moreover, its use in diverse cultural and proverbial contexts—spanning from foreign proverbs with playful wordplay [6, 7, 8] to varied ceremonial descriptions in works like Shakespeare’s tragedies [9]—highlights not only its literal utility but also its potent metaphorical force across genres and eras.
- Among these is carried one empty bier decked for the missing, that is, for those whose bodies could not be recovered.
— from The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides - A lofty bier the breathless warrior bears: Around, his sad companions melt in tears.
— from The Iliad by Homer - The magistrates and others who had formerly filled the highest offices, carried the bier from the Rostra into the Forum.
— from The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Complete by Suetonius - The chill blast passes swiftly by, And flits around thy bier.
— from Poems and Songs of Robert Burns by Robert Burns - Close linked are bier and cradle: here the dead, To charm us, live again: Kneeling, I mourn, when on my threshold sounds Two little children's strain.
— from Poems by Victor Hugo - Hvo der vil Honning slikke, maa ikke ræddes for Bier.
— from A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs - Een huis vol dochters is een kelder vol zuur bier.
— from A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs - Bier rath ich dir, Bier auf
— from A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs - Vile earth to earth resign; end motion here, And thou and Romeo press one heavy bier. NURSE.
— from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare