Writers often employ "arrogate" to express the act of laying claim to a right or authority without justification. For instance, a character might deny any ambition to seize power, as Monte Cristo does when he refuses to claim an unwarranted right [1, 2]. Similarly, the term is used to depict those who inappropriately assume control—be it over ecclesiastical jurisdiction [3] or legislative power [4]—illustrating the tension between true authority and presumptuous self-assumption. In other contexts, "arrogate" accentuates hubris by highlighting characters who grant themselves unmerited virtues or positions, thus critiquing an overinflated sense of self-worth [5, 6, 7, 8].