Literary notes about Protoplasm (AI summary)
The term "protoplasm" has been used in literature in a variety of ways that reflect both its literal scientific meaning and its more symbolic, metaphorical implications. In some works, such as those by George Santayana, protoplasm symbolizes the source or core of human vitality and idealism—suggesting that even our loftiest aspirations are grounded in the elemental, organic material of life itself [1, 2]. Conversely, in classical texts like Aesop's fables, protoplasm is depicted in a more straightforward biological context, referring directly to the living substance within cells [3]. Authors like Mark Twain, Freud, and Ukers blend these dimensions, with Twain humorously describing protoplasm alongside metals [4] and Freud and Ukers discussing its dynamic role in cell movement and chemical reactions [5, 6]. E. M. Forster also alludes to its fundamental nature by implying that spirit and life are inextricably linked to this basic material [7].