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Literary notes about Infidel (AI summary)

In literature the word “infidel” has been wielded with a remarkable range of connotations—from an outright pejorative label for religious nonconformity to a more nuanced, even ironic, description of dissenting beliefs or unconventional behaviors. In works such as Thomas Carlyle’s historical narrative ([1]) and Marlowe’s drama ([2]), it is used to condemn those who deviate from accepted dogmas or display rebellious attitudes toward dominant power structures. Meanwhile, authors like Fyodor Dostoyevsky ([3], [4], [5]) and Mark Twain ([6], [7], [8], [9]) invoke the term in more personal or morally ambiguous contexts, often reflecting inner conflict or societal prejudice. At times, “infidel” appears to highlight the clash between rigid institutions and the diversity of human thought, making it a versatile literary device across genres and eras ([10], [11], [12]).
  1. O women, O men, great is your infidel-faith!
    — from The French Revolution: A History by Thomas Carlyle
  2. This is the hour wherein I shall proceed; 143 O happy hour, wherein I shall convert An infidel, and bring his gold into our treasury!
    — from The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe
  3. “I can’t understand why they make me out an infidel here,” he used to say sometimes.
    — from The possessed : by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
  4. He had never talked to them about God nor his belief, but they wanted to kill him as an infidel.
    — from Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
  5. “You’re an infidel!
    — from Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
  6. And the mother, also, reproached the Infidel, and said: “ My child is forever lost, and my heart is broken.
    — from What Is Man? and Other Essays by Mark Twain
  7. You might almost say it of the average infidel, I think.
    — from What Is Man? and Other Essays by Mark Twain
  8. The heart of the Infidel was filled with remorse for what he had done, and he said: “ It was wrong—I see it now; but I was only trying to do him good.
    — from What Is Man? and Other Essays by Mark Twain
  9. Many an infidel would not have been troubled by that Christian mother's distress.
    — from What Is Man? and Other Essays by Mark Twain
  10. Even an infidel would have heard little or nothing to shock his sensibility.
    — from Mosses from an old manse by Nathaniel Hawthorne
  11. [324] Mosques : The feature of an Infidel city that first struck crusader and pilgrim.
    — from The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: The Inferno by Dante Alighieri
  12. I have been so used to be made a fool of by fortune, that I hardly can tell how to govern myself; and am almost an infidel as to mankind.
    — from Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded by Samuel Richardson

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