The ideal tank — Modern installations — Care of tanks — Standardised dilution of latex — Variation in dimensions and density of coagulum — Standardising instruments — Method of using — Skimming latex — Style of sheets — Standard sheets — Rolling and marking — When to work the coagulum — Hand-rolling — Power smooth-rolling — Marking rolls — Preparation for smoke-curing — Caution against accumulation of wet sheets — Hot-water treatment — Dripping in the open air — When to place in smoke-house 89 CHAPTER X PREPARATION OF CREPE RUBBER First consideration, fine pale crepe — Standardised dilution of latex — Coagulation and coagulant — Quantities of coagulant — Colour of rubber — Sodium bisulphite (use of) — Evaluation and deterioration of the bisulphite and sulphite of sodium — To distinguish between these two chemicals — Care of sodium bisulphite — Mixing solution with latex — Former methods of making pale rubber — Working the coagulum — Lower grades of crepe — Naturally coagulated lump — Skimmings and washings — Tree-scrap — Bark-shavings — Earth-scrap — Fibrous matter in low-grade rubbers — Scrap-washers — Compound crepes — Increased care with lower grades — Block rubber from crepe — Smoked crepe versus sheet clippings 110 CHAPTER XI DRYING OF RUBBER Air-drying of crepes — Artificial driers for crepes — Vacuum drying — Hot-air driers — Michie-Golledge system — Rate of air-drying — When drying takes place — Increase in weight of drying crepe — Differences in weight — Aids to normal drying — Smoke-curing of sheet rubber — Instruments for recording temperature — Temperatures of smoke-house — Period of drying — Fuels for smoking — Sun-drying of sheet rubber — Artificial driers for sheet rubber 132 [xii] CHAPTER XII SORTING, GRADING, AND PACKING Reducing number of grades — Reduction carried too far — R.G.A. recommendations — Care in sorting — Choice of packing cases — Bags — Bales — Folding of crepe — Mechanical folders — Care in assembling — Methods of packing — Weight of contents — Short weights 150 PART III MACHINERY AND BUILDINGS CHAPTER XIII MACHINES Quality of metal in rolls — Nature of roll-bearings — Brass liners — Liners of alloy or of cast-iron — Adequacy of machines — Arrangement of battery — Speed of machines — Gear ratios — Grooving of rolls — Heating of rolls — Sheeting machines — Lubrication — Trays — Position of battery — Drainage of battery — Access to back of machines — Engines — Power 159 CHAPTER XIV FACTORIES General construction — Plenty of light — Floors — Drainage of — How many storeys — Verandahs — Tanks, situation of — Designs and lay-out — Drains — Water supply 172 CHAPTER XV OTHER BUILDINGS Drying-houses for crepe rubber — How many storeys — Ventilation — Windows — Effect of light — Effect of direct sun-rays — Hot-air houses — Smoke-houses — Various types — Ordinary smoke-houses — General ventilation — Windows — Racks of supports — Floors — Furnaces in general — Pit-fires — Pot-fires — Iron stoves — Horizontal drum-furnaces — Rate of combustion — Brick stoves — Pataling type of — Consumption of fuel — Floor of furnace room — Roof — Brick built houses — “Third Mile” type — Jackson cabinet — Devon type — Detailed description of — Barker patent design 178 [xiii] CHAPTER XVI OTHER BUILDINGS ( continued ), AND SITUATION OF BUILDINGS Sorting-room — Packing room — Store rooms — Storage of rubber — Need for special accommodation — Floor of store room — Local conditions — Temperature and humidity — Incidence of moulds — Effect upon smoked sheets — Tool-sheds and stores — Situation of buildings — Position with respect to points of the compass — Choosing a factory site — Centralisation — Decentralisation 211 PART IV THE FINISHED RUBBER CHAPTER XVII DEFECTS IN CREPE RUBBERS General style of finish — Dirty edges — Iron-stains — Rust-stains — Oil-marks — Trays — Dirt — Holes — Greenish and tacky streaks — Not due to oil per se — Tackiness and copper — Cotton and other fibre — Bark and grit — Sand — Oxidation streaks — Yellow streaks — Bisulphite streaks — Spot disease — Cause of — Influence of rate of drying — Percentage of moisture — Humidity of atmosphere — Prevention of disease — Infection by contact — Outbreak of dormant spores — Rules to be observed — Surface moulds or mildew — Tackiness in general — Full discussion of — Experimental reproduction — Lack of uniformity in colour — Defects in block rubber 223 CHAPTER XVIII DEFECTS IN SHEET RUBBER Defective coagulation — Coloured surface blotches — General darkening of surface — Soft coagulum — Spongy underface — Tearing — “Pitting” of surface — Thick ends or edges — Mis-shapen sheets — Thick patches — Torn sheets — “Dog-ears” — Creases — Greasiness of surface before smoking — Surface blemishes — Uneven appearance — Variation due to oxidation — Colour when dry — Surface gloss — Dull surface — Moist glaze and greasiness — Virgin spots — Surface moulds or mildew — Black streaks or spots — White or grey streaks — Rust — Theories on formation of — Prevention of — Two methods — Other views on causation — Bubbles — Causes of formation — In the field — In the factory — Blisters — “Spot” disease in sheet rubber — Support marks — Stickiness — Surface pattern — Sheet clippings — Other infrequent defects — Dirt — Ash — Bark — Splinters 249 [xiv] PART V GENERAL CHAPTER XIX CHOICE OF COAGULANT Acetic acid in general use — Is a coagulant necessary?
— from The Preparation of Plantation Rubber by Sidney Morgan

Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man; on the jaw from La Naulette; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges; on the mastoid processes of man; on modifications of the cranial bones; on human sacrifices; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe; on the effects of use and disuse of parts; on the superciliary ridge in man; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man; on ugliness. Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus. Scherzer and Schwarz, measurements of savages.
— from The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin

The string is made of unusually stout sinew braid.
— from Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1892, pages 3-442 by John Murdoch

But a week or two since, in my Ode upon Spring, Which I meant to have made a most beautiful thing, Where I talkt of the "dewdrops from freshly-blown roses," The nasty things made it "from freshly-blown noses!"
— from The Complete Poems of Sir Thomas Moore Collected by Himself with Explanatory Notes by Thomas Moore

She was about thirty-six feet long and wide in proportion, the stem rising upright about six feet, on top of which was a figure of some imaginary monster of uncouth sculpture, having the head of a carnivorous animal with large erect ears but no body, clinging by arms and legs to the upper end of the canoe, and grinning horribly.
— from Pioneers in Canada by Harry Johnston

The preserved meats contained a vast amount of fat and carbonaceous, or heat-making food, as well as elements easily digestible and calculated to maintain one's strength in moments of unusual stress.
— from An Explorer's Adventures in Tibet by Arnold Henry Savage Landor

To use Uncle Ramsay’s own words, “You never know what a ship is made of until stormy seas are around you.”
— from From Squire to Squatter: A Tale of the Old Land and the New by Gordon Stables