mat tagichan tagicán taguican palm-mat bani banig banag cushion uliman olnan, and allied forms (?) olonan (?) wooden platters dulan dolong dulang sun adlo arlao adlao star bunthun bitoon (?) bitoon (?) morning uema ogma; odma (?) —— cup tagha tagay tagay bow bossugh bosog bosog arrow oghun odyong odiong shield calassan calasag calasag quilted armor baluti baloti —— dagger calix; baladao calis; baladao caris; baladao cutlass campilan campilan campilang spear bancan bangcao bangcao like tuan —— to-ang banana saghin saguing saguing gourd baghin bagong —— net pucat; laia ——; laya raya small boat sampan sampan sampan large canes cauaghan caoayan cauayan small canes bonbon bongbong bongbong [ 347 ] large boats balanghai balañgay barangay small boats boloto baloto baloto crabs cuban coboa —— fish ícam; yssida ——; isda ——; isda a colored fish panapsapan panapsápan panapsapan a red fish timuan —— tiao (?) another fish pilax —— pilas ship benaoa bángca —— king raia hari hadi one uzza usá usa two dua doha duha three tolo toló tolo four upat opát upat five lima limá lima six onom onóm unum seven pitto pitó pito eight gualu oaló ualo nine ciam siàm siam ten polo napoló napolo Some of the words present difficulties however, due probably to error on Pigafetta’s part and the obstacles in the method of communication between peoples the genius of whose respective languages is entirely distinct. — from The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 33, 1519-1522
Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century by Antonio Pigafetta
fewest possible pieces so
Now, the puzzle is to cut these strips into the fewest possible pieces so that they may be placed together and form a magic square, the seven rows, seven columns, and two diagonals adding up the same number. — from Amusements in Mathematics by Henry Ernest Dudeney
391–393 See also Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers Pasture-farming, see Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers, Pasture Pauperism, see Poor Law Peasants, the— agricultural methods of, 105–112 contemporary pictures of, 132–134 demands of, 334–337 education of, 134–135 effect of loss of common rights on, 240–241 , 253 enclosure by, 151–173 encroachments on waste by, 87–89 , 284–287 eviction of, 253–265 helplessness of, 302–304 , 325 importance of, fiscal, 344–347 " " military, 343–344 independence of, 29–30 , 34–39 , 132–134 , 325–328 leasing of demesne by, 94–95 , 204–210 national pride in, 20–21 ,132–134 pauperism among, 270 , 273–279 prosperity of, 132–134 , 325 protection of by Government, 316–317 , 351–400 rebellions of, 317–340 rents of, 115–121 , 141–147 size of holdings of, 32–33 , 64–65 upward movement among, 72 , 75 , 81–84 , 96–98 , 136 See also Agriculture, Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will Pilgrimage of Grace— agrarian demands put forward in, 322–324 , 334–335 classes taking part in, 318–319 , 322–324 Plague, see Great Plague, the Plantations, emigration to suggested, 270 Ploughmen, military importance of, 343–344 Policy, agrarian, see Council, Court, Acts of Parliament Poor Law, the— agrarian causes of, 272–275 debates in Parliament on, 273–275 expenditure on caused by depopulation, 278–279 , 418 Mackay’s view as to origin of, 266–267 mobility discouraged by, 270–272 Orders of 1631, 279 slow development of, 269 vagrancy chief problem of, 268–269 Population, checks upon, 104–106 Population, the manorial, see Peasants, Copyholders, Leaseholders, Freeholders Poverty, see Poor Law Prices— effects of rise in, 199 , 304 , 308–310 regulation of, 308 Steffen’s statistics of, 198 Programme of peasants— in Pilgrimage of Grace, 334–335 " Norfolk, 335–337 Proletariat, peasants not a, 102 Protector, the— Act protecting tenants on demesne lands of, 294 , 365 attack of colleagues on, 367–368 , 370 Court of Requests used by, 367 difficulties of agrarian policy of, 362–364 fall of, 370 proclamation against enclosures issued by, 367 " pardoning rioters issued by, 367 Royal Commission appointed by, 366 See also Council, Court Rackrents, see Rents, Fines Reaction, under Warwick against Somerset’s agrarian policy, 367–368 , 370 , 372 , 380 Reformation, the 339, 380–384 Rents— competitive, growth of, 139–147 fixed, demand for in Peasants' Revolt, 146 " effect of on landlords, 199–200 , 304–310 " " " peasants, 117–121 " neutralised by exorbitant fines, 118 , 120 , 305–307 " statistics as to, 115–117 fixing of by commissioners, 354 " " council, 369 paid in kind, 211 per acre of demesne land, 256 racking of, complaints as to, 235 , 414 reasonable, demand for, 336 Revolts, agrarian, the— conservative aims of, 333 , 338–340 counties affected by, 318–320 directed against landlords, 323–324 in North of England, 318 , 322–324 " Derbyshire, 329 " Norfolk, 324 , 331–333 objects of, 333–337 organised character of, 325–326 , 330–332 political importance of, 329 , 340–341 sixteenth century, last age of, 318 Riots, agrarian, see Revolts Royal Commissions, see Commissions Salt silver, paid by copyholders, 53 Serf, see Villeins Service, see Knight service Services, labour, see Labour services Servants— number of, employed in agriculture, 21–23 scarcity of, 21–23 , 100 wages of, 100 Settlement laws— origin of, 269 , 275–276 popularity of, 276 Sewers, the Commission of, 395 Shack, common of, 234 Sheep— driving of, 326 number of kept by peasants, 113 slaughtering of, 331 , 332 Sheep-farming— Acts restricting, 353–354 , 360 by peasants, 113–115 by manorial authorities, 223–228 Slavery, legalisation of in 1547, 44 , 269 Socage— freeholders holding by, 29 tenants, rent of, 29 Sochemanni, large number of in East Anglia, 26–27 South of England— contrast between conditions of North and of, 57 , 63–66 , 97 , 103 , 189 holdings of peasants in, 63–66 Speculation— in land by peasants, 78–81 in monastic estates, 380–382 on money market, 186 Statutes, see Acts of Parliament Stinting of pastures, 160 , 220 , 241 Strikes, agrarian, 131 , 330 Strips— advantage of scattered, — from The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century by R. H. (Richard Henry) Tawney
It is content to say that, though a thing is doubtless always more than the sum of those aspects of it to which we happen to be attending, yet our knowledge that it is and what it is, however imperfect, is, for practical purposes, sufficiently clear and trustworthy, requiring the support neither of metaphysics 152 nor psychology.—This, with all its difficulties, is, I believe, an account, true as far as it goes, of the world of things as common sense conceives it. — from Theism and Humanism
Being the Gifford Lectures Delivered at the University of Glasgow, 1914 by Arthur James Balfour
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