ANT: Unanimity, concord, compromise, agreement, reconciliation, consonance, conversation, harmony.
— from A Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms or, Synonyms and Words of Opposite Meaning by Samuel Fallows

SYN: Journey, thoroughfare, road, course, avenue, route, channel, clause, phrase, sentence, paragraph.
— from A Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms or, Synonyms and Words of Opposite Meaning by Samuel Fallows

" "Very well, then, 'Angel dearest', if I must ," she murmured, looking at her candle, a roguish curl coming upon her mouth, notwithstanding her suspense.
— from Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman by Thomas Hardy

But, when she again looked round her gloomy chamber, and recollected certain circumstances, fear seized her spirits, and she hesitated.
— from The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Ward Radcliffe

Cos, n. an itching Coygordd, n. a retinue Cosi, v. to assuage itching Cosiad, n. a scratching Cosp, n. chastisement Cospad, n. a chastising Cospadwy, a. punishable Cospedig, a. chastised Cospedigaeth, n. punishment Cospedigol, a. castigatory Cospi, v. to chastise, to punish Cospiad, n. a punishing Cospol, a. castigatory Cospwr, n. a chastiser; a punisher Cost, n. a coast; cost, charge Costio, v. to expend; to cost Costiol, a. relating to cost Costog, a. sluggish; morose Costogi, v. to grow surly Costrel, n. a flaggon; a jar Costrelaid, n. a jar full Costrelan, n. a phial; a jar Costrelig, n. a small jar Costrelu, v. to put in a jar Costrelwr, one that puts in a jar Costus, a. chargeable, dear Coswr, n. a scratcher Cosyn, n. a single cheese Cot, n. a short tail or crop Coten, n. a little dag or tail Cotwm, n. a dag-wool; cotton Cotymog, a. dagged, ermined Cothi, v. to squirt, to eject Cothwr, n. an ejector Cowyllu, v. to envelop Cowyn, n. the plague Cowynog, a. full of biles Crab, n. a crinkle, a shrink Crach, n. scabs; itch; maneg Crachen, n. a scab; a crust Crachenu, v. to form a scab Crachfeddw, a. half drunk Crachfeddyg, n. a quack Crachlyd, a. apt to be scabby Crachog, a. full of scabs Craf, n. cloves; claws; garlic Crafangiad, n. gripe; handful Crafangc, n. a claw, a crab fish Crafangiad, a clawing, a griping Crafangio, v. to claw, to gripe Crafangwr, n. a clawer, a griper Crafell, n. a scraper Crafellu, to use a slice; to scrape Crafen, n. a flake; a crust Crafiad, n. a scraping Crafu, v. to scrape, to scratch Crafwr, n. a scratched Craff, n. a clasp; a cramp: a. securing, sure; keen Craffder, n. keeness; skill Craffiad, n. a securing Craffiniad, n. scarification Craffinio, v. to scarify Craffu, v. to secure hold; to ken Craffus, a. penetrating, piercing Craffwr, n. perceiver Crag, n. a hard crust Cragen, n. a shell Cragenaidd, a. crustaceous Cragenog, a. having a shell Crai, n. heat; potency; the heart; the eye of a needle; a. vivid: fervid; fresh Craid, n. vehemency; force Craidd, n. a centre; the heart Craig, n. a crag; a rock Crair, n. a token; a relic Craith, n. a scar; a cicatrice Cram, n. an incrustration Cramen, n. a scab over a sore Crameniad, n. scabbing Cramenog, a. covered with scab Cranenu, v. to scab over Crammwyth, n. a pancake Crammwythen, n. a fritter Crangc, n. a crab; a cancer Crangen, n. a wen Crangenog, a. full of wens Crap, n. a grapple, a catch Crapiad, n. a grappling Crapio, v. to grapple; to snatch Crapiog, a. grappling, snatching Crapiwr, n. a grappler Crâs, what is parclied; a toast: a. parched, acrid; saucy Crasaidd, a. of a parching nature; acrid Crasair, n. sauciness Crasboeth, a. acrid, pungent Crasboethi, v. to parch with heat Crasboethiad, n. a parching, or a drying with heat Crasdant, n. a sharp note Crasder, n. aridity; sauciness Crasdir, n. parched ground Crasedig, a. parched; toasted Craseiriog, a. malepert Crasgalaf, n. the herb flavin Crasgnoi, v. to scranch Crasiad, n. a parching; a roasting Crasiedydd, n. a roaster Crasol, a. parching, drying Crasu, v. to parch, to roast Craswr, n. a parchet; a dryer Crasyd, n. parched corn Crawen, n. a crust Craweniad, n. incrustation Crawenog, a. crusted, crusty Crawenol, a. incrustating Crawenu, v. to become crusty Crawn, n. a collection; pus Crawni, v. to collect; to form Crawnllyd, a. purulent Crawnol, a. collecting Crëad, n. a creation Crëadol, a. creating, plastic Crëadur, n. a creature Crëaduriaeth, n. creation Crëawd, n. formation, creation Crëawdwr, n. a creator Crebach, n. what is shrunk: a shrunk, withered Crebachiad, a. shrinking Crebachlyd, a. apt to contract, or shrink Crebachu, v. to shrink Crebachwr, n. one that shrinks Crebog, a. shrunk, withered Crebwyll, n. fancy, intention Crebwyllo, v. to imagine Crebwylliad, n. an imagining Creciad, n. a chirping Crecian, v. to chirp, to chatter Creciar, n. the darker hen Crech, n. a shriek, a scream; a rough, rugged, curled Crechiad, n. a shrieking out Crechian, v. to shriek, to crash Crechol, a. screaming Crechwen, n. a shrill laugh Crechwenu, v. to laugh out Cred, n. belief; faith; religion Credad, n. a believing Credadwy, a. credible Credadyn, n. a believer Crededd, n. belief, credibility Credin, a. believing, credulous Crediniaeth, n. a belief Credo, n. a belief, a creed Credol, a. believing, crediting Credu, v. to believe, to credit Credus, a. inducing belief Credwr, n. a believer Creddiad, n. temperament Creddu, v. to dispose Crëedig, a. created, formed Crëadigaeth, n. creation Cref, a cry, a scream: a. strong, powerful Crefiad, n. a craving; a suing Crefiant, n. a craving Crefol, a. craving, imploring Crefu, v. to cry, to crave Crefydd, n. devotion; religion Crefyddol, a. devout, religious Crefyddoldeb, n. religiousness Crefyddu, v. to act religiously Crefyddwr, n. a religionist Crefft, n. a handy-craft; a trade Crefftwr, n. a handy-craftsman, a mechanic; a tradesman Creffyn, n. a brace, a clasper Creffyniad, n. a bracing Creffynu, v. to brace, to plate Creg, a. hoarse, of rough voice Cregen, n. an earthen vessel Cregenu, v. to make pottery Cregenydd, n. a potter Creglais, n. a hoarse voice Creglyd, a. apt to hoarse Cregu, v. to become hoarse Creyna, v. to gather shells Cregynog, a. having shells Cregynol, a. testaceous Cregyr, n. a screamer, heron Creiad, n. a freshening Creider, n. fresness; purity Creiddiad, n. pervasion Creiddiol, a. pervasive Creiddyn, n. what juts into Creifion, n. scrapings Creigiaidd, a. rocky Creigio, v. to grow rocky Creigiog, a. rocky, craggy Creigiogrwydd, n. rockiness Creigiol, a. apt to be rocky Creilwg, n. charred furse Creiniad, n. a wallowing Creinio, v. to wallow Creiniol, a. wallowing, rolling Creiniwr, n. a wallower Creio, v. to freshen, to brisken Creirâu, v. to swear by the relics Creirdŷ, n. a house for relics Creirfa, n. a reliquary Creiries, n. a jewel, a beauty Creisier, n. a calcinatory Creision, n. calcined matter; dross of anything burnt Creisioni, v. to calcine Creithen, n. a cicatrice, a scar Creithiad, n. cicatrization Creithio, v. to cicatrize Creithiog, a. full of scars Creithiol, a. cicatrisive Cremog, n. a pancake Crencyn, n. a small crab Crepa, n. a crabbed dwarf Crepian, v. to creep, to hobble Crepaniog, a. creeping Crepog, a. shrunk; withered Cres, n. a hardening by heat Cresiad, n. inflamation Crest, n. scum, dregs; scurf Cresten, n. a crusted surface Crestenu, v. to gather scurf Crestiad, n. incrustation Crestog, a. being crusted over Crestol, a. apt to incrustate Crestu, v. to incrustate Cresu, v. to parch, to scorch Creth, n. disposition, purpose Crëu, v. to create Creuan, n. the cranium Creuled, a. drenched in gore Creulon, a. bloody, cruel Creulonaeth, n. cruelty Creuloni, v. to wax cruel Creulonrwydd, n. cruelty Creulys, n. groundsel Creuol, a. gory, bloody Crew, n. a shout, an outcry Crëwr, n. a creator, a former Crewt, n. a faint cry Crewtian, v. to whine, to pule Cri, n. a cry, a clamour: a. rough, rude; raw, fresh Criad, n. a crying, a bawling Crib, n. a comb; a crest, a top Cribach, n. a hay-hook Cribarth, n. a ridged hill Cribddail, n. extortion; pillage Cribddeilio, v. to extort Cribddeiliwr, n. an extortioner Cribell, n. a cock’s comb Cribiad, n. a combing Cribin, n. a hay-rake Cribiniad, n. a raking Cribinio, v. to rake Cribiniwr, n. a raker Cribion, n. combings Cribo, v. to comb, to card Cribog, a. indented; crested Cribwr, n. a comber, a carder Cricell, n. a cricket Cricellu, v. to chirp, to chatter Criciad, n. a cricket Criciedydd, n. a creaker Crif, n. a row of notches Crifellu, v. to notch, to grave Crifiad, n. a notching Crig, n. a crick Criglyn, n. a faint trace Crigyll, n. ravine; creek Crimmell, n. a sharp ridge Crimmog, n. a shin, a greave Crimmogiad, n. a shinning; a kick on the shin Crimmogio, v. to shin Crimp, n. a sharp ridge Crimpiad, n. a crimping Crimpio, v. to crimp Crin, a. brittle, fragile; niggard Crinad, n. a growing brittle Crinder, n. brittleness Crinell, n. what is clung Crinelliad, n. crepitation Crinellu, v. to cling; to cracle Crinlys, n. the violet Crino, v. to wax brittle, to clung Crintach, a. niggardly Crintachrwydd, n. niggardliness Crintachu, v. to grow niggardly Crintachwr, n. a niggard Crinwydd, n. dry brushwood Crio, v. to cry, to clamour Crip, n. a scratch; a notch Cripiad, n. a scratching Cripio, v. to scratch, to claw Cripiog, a. having scratches Cripiol, a. scratching, clawing Cripiwr, n. a scratcher Cris, n. a scale, a hard crust Crisb, n. a crisp coating Crisbin, a. crumbling, crisp Crisbinio, v. to crisp, to dry Crisial, n. crystal Crisialad, n. crystalization Crisialaidd, a. crystaline Crisialu, v. to crystalize CRIST, n. Christ, Messiah Cristion, n. a christian Cristionogaeth, n. christianity Cristionogaidd, a. christianly Cristionogol, a. christianly Croca, a. crooked, tortuous Croch, a. rough, forcible; eager Crochan, n. a boiler, a pot Crochanaid, n. a pot-full Crochenu, v. to make pottery Crochenydd, n. a potter Crochenyddiaeth, n. pottery Crochenyn, n. a little pot Crochlais, n. a rough voice Crochlef, n. a shrill shout Crochlefain, n. a scream Crochlefwr, n. a great shouter Crochleisio, v. to vociferate Croen, n. a skin, a hide Croendew, n. thick-skinned Croenog, a. having skin Croenol, a. cutaneous Croenen, n. a cuticle Croengyrchu, v. to wrinkle a skin Croeni, v. to skin, to skin over Croeniad, n. a skinning Croes, n. a cross; a crucifix: a. cross, transverse Croesaw, n. a welcome Croesawgar, a. hospitable Croesawiad, n. a welcoming Croesawl, a. transversial Croesawu, v. to welcome Croesawus, a. hospitable Coesdroi, v. to contort Croesdynu, v. to contend Croesen, n. a coquette; a jilt Croesffon, n. a cross staff Croesffordd, n. a cross road Croesgynghanedd, n. alliterative consonancy Croeshoeliad, n. crucifixion Croeshoelio, v. to crucify Croesi, v. to cross, to put across Croesiad, n. a crossing Croesineb, n. crossness Croeslath, n. a purlin Crog, n. a cross, a crucifix; a. hanging, overhanging Crogadwy, a. that may be hung Crogbren, n. a gallows Crogedyf, n. a dropwort Crogell, n. a place to hang meat Crogen, n. a gill; a jaw Crogi, v. to hang, to suspend Crogiad, n. a hanging Croglath, n. a springe Croglen, n. a hanging; a curtain Croglith, n. the mass of the cross Crogwr, n. a hangman Crom, a. bending, boughed Cromen, n. a dome, a cupola Cromglwyd, n. a thatch hurdle Crombill, n. the craw, crop or gorge of a bird Cromilaid, n. a crop full Cromlech, n. an incumbent flag, a stone of covenant Cron, a. round, circular Cronbleth, n. a bobbin Cronnel, a. a globule; a globe Cronellog, a. globular Cronellu, v. to glomerate Cronen, n. a globe, a sphere Cronfa, n. a receptacle; a dam Cronglwyl, n. a roof hurdle Croni, v. to board, to dam Croniad, n. a damming Cropa, n. a crop, or a craw Cropiad, n. a creeping Cropian, v. to creep, to crawl Cropiedydd, n. a creeper Crotawg, a. plump, round Croten, n. a little plump girl Croth, n. a bulge; a womb Crothawg, gibbous; big-bellied Crothell, n. a bulge; a bansticle Crothi, v. to bulge, to swell Croyw, a. clear; brisk; fresh Croywder, n. freshness Croywi, v. to freshen; to brisk Cru, n. a hollow rotundity Crub, n. a swelling out Crud, n. a cover, a case Crug, n. a heap, a tump Crugo, v. to heap, to swell Crugog, a. having heaps Crugdardd, n. a pustule Crugdarddu, v. to imposthumate Crugiad, n. a heaping up Crugyll, n. a place of tumps Crugyn, n. a small heap Crygynu, v. to pile, to heap Crygynog, a. full of tumps Crwb, n. a round hunch Crwbach, n. a hook, a crook Crwban, n. a tortoise Crwc, n. a bucket, a pail Crwca, a. crooked, bowed, bent Crwcau, v. to bow, to curve Crwcwd, n. a round squat Crwm, a. bending, concave Crwmach, n. convexity Crwn, a. round, circular Crwt, n. a crust; a dumpy one Crwtyn, n. a little dumpy one Crwth, n. a bulge, a trunk; a belly; a violin Crwybr, a. a scum; honeycomb Crwydr, n. a wandering Crwydrai, n. a wanderer Crwydrol, a. wandering Crwydredigaeth, a. vagrancy Crwydriad, n. a vagabond Crwynllys, n. the gentian Crwynwr, n. the skinner Crybwyll, n. a hint; an idea Crybwylliad, n. a hinting Crybwyllo, v. to intimate Crybychawl, a. crinkling Crybychiad, n. a crinkling Crybychu, v. to crinkle Crycydu, v. to squat down Crŷch, n. a wrinkle; a ripple; a. wrinkled; rippling Crychedd, n. roughness Crychiad, n. a wrinkling, crepature; a shake in music Crychiant, n. curliness Crychias, n. a rough boiling Crychlais, n. a broken voice Crychlam, n. a caper Crychlamiad, n. a capering Crychnaid, n. a skip, a frisk Crychneidio, v. to skip Crychni, n. curliness Crychrawn, a. frizzly, haired Crychu, v. to ruffle; to ripple Crychydd, n. a ruffler; a heron; crane Cryd, n. a quake; a fever Crydiad, n. a shivering Crydian, v. to keep shivering Crydio, v. to shiver, to quake Crydiol, a. shivering, quaking Crydu, v. to tremble, to shudder Crydus, a. shivering, trembling Crydwst, n. a shivering fit Crydd, n. a shoemaker Cryddiaeth,
— from A Pocket Dictionary: Welsh-English by William Richards

private or concealed Cynghelu, v. to conceal Cynghloi, v. to lock together Cynghlwm, n. a connection Cynghlwyf, n. a contagion Cyhghlymu, v. to tie together Cynghogi, v. to complicate Cyngholli, v. to cast to perdition Cynghor, n. a council, advice, recipe Cynghori, v. to counsel; to advise Cynghoriad, n. advising Cynghorol, a. counselling Cynghorus, a. considerable Cynghorwr, n. a councellor Cynghrair, n. treaty Cynghreirio, to enter into treaty Cynghreiriol, a. confederate Cynghreiriwr, n. a sworn confederate Cynghroes, a. intersecant Cynghroesi, v. to intersect Cynghrhon, a. spheric Cynghrwm, a. of convex form Cynghryn, mutually trembling Cyngwerth, n. equivalence Cynghwys, n. mutual citation Cyngwysl, n. mutual pledge Cyrafol, n. service berries Cyraith, n. law of fate Cyrawol, n. berries Cyrbibion, n. dribblets Cyrcydu, v. to squat, to cower Cyrch, n. a centre, gravity; an inroad; an attack Cyrchadwy, a. approachable Cyrchafael, n. an uplifting Cyrchell, n. what surrounds Cyrchfa, n. a resort Cyrchiad, n. a coming to Cyrchle, n. a place of resort Cyrchnaid, n. a bound upon Cyrchu, v. to gravitate, to approach; to set on; to fetch Cyrchwr, n. a fetcher Cyrfaidd, a. rotund, circling Cyrfawd, n. curvetting Cyfrdŷ, n. an alehouse Cyrfydd, n. ale-brewer Cyrfyll, n. a trunk, a case Cyrhaedd, n. reach, extent: v. to attain; to reach Cyrhaeddadwy, a. attainable Cyrhaeddiad, n. a reaching Cyrhaeddol, a. within reach Cyrhaeddu, v. to attain, to reach Cyrhaeddyd, v. to reach, to attain Cyriad, n. a skirting round Cyrid, n. carnal copulation Cyrio, v. to skirt, to rim Cyriogi, v. to set a border Cyrnad, n. a blowing a horn Cyrnaid, n. a prance, a bound Cyrneidio, v. to prance Cyrnen, n. a cone; a stack Cyrnenaidd, a. conical Cyrnenu, v. to pile up Cyrniad, n. a projecting as a horn; to pile up, to stack Cyrnig, a. corneous; horned Cyrnio, v. to pile, to stack Cyrniog, a. cornigerous, horned Cyrniogyn, n. a piggin Cyryglwr, n. a coracle-man Cys, a prefix denoting mutuality of effect or action, of the same force as CYD and CYF Cysail, n. constituent part Cysain, n. consonancy Cysawd, n. an affix, a suffix Cysawdd, n. a compound Cysdadl, a. disputable; equal Cysdadlaeth, n. competition Cysdadliad, mutually disputing Cysdadlu, v. to vie; to debate Cystadlwr, n. a competition Cysdawd, n. a butting together Cysdedlydd, n. a competitor Cysdodi, v. to place in custody Cysefin, a. primary, primitive Cysefino, v. to originate Cysefiniad, n. originality Cysegr, n. a sanctuary Cysegriad, n. consecration Cysegredig, a. consecrated Cysegrol, a. consecrate Cysegr-ladrad, n. sacrilege Cysegrlan, a. consecrate, sacred Cysegru, v. to consecrate Cysegrydd, n. a consecrator Cyseiliad, n. constitution Cyseiniad, n. a consonant Cyseinio, v. to sound together Cysellt, n. an opportunity Cysgfa, n. numbness Cysgiad, n. a sleeping Cysgiadol, a. soporific, soniferous Cysgiadur, n. a sleeper; a sluggard; a dormant animal Cysgiadyr, n. an opiate Cysglyd, a. sleepy, drowsy Cysgod, n. a shadow, a shade; a shelter Cysgodfa, n. a shady place Cysgodi, v. to shadow; to shelter Cysgodiad, n. a shadowing Cysgodog, a. sheltering Cysgodol, a. shadowy, sheltering Cysgrwydd, n. sleepiness Cysgu, v. to sleep; to benumb Cysgwr, n. a sleeper Cysgwal, n. a dormitory Cysiad, n. somnolence Cysni, n. drowsiness
— from A Pocket Dictionary: Welsh-English by William Richards

n. setting in a row Rheiad, n. a radiating Rheian, n. a streak, a stripe Rheianu, v. to streak, to stripe Rheio, v. to radiate, to gleam Rheibes, n. a witch, a charmer Rheibiad, n. a bewitching Rheibiadaeth, n. witchery Rheibiadu, v. to fascinate Rheidiadus, a. fascinating Rheibiaeth, n. rapacity Rheibiant, n. a forcible possessing Rheibiedig, a. seized; fascinated Rheibio, v. to seize, to snatch, to captivate, to bewitch Rheibiol, a. seizing; bewitching Rheibioldeb, n. a seized state Rheibog, n. power of digestion Rheibus, a. rapacious, greedy Rheidedd, n. necessity, want Rheidiannu, v. to necessitate Rheidiant, n. necessity, need Rheidio, v. to necessitate; to need Rheidiol, a. necessary, needful Rheidioldeb, n. necessariness Rheidioli, v. to render needful Rheidus, a. necessitous, needy Rheidusni, n. neediness, need Rheiduso, v. to render needy Rheiddin, a. radiating; profuse Rheiddio, v. to radiate; to dart Rheiddyn, n. a dart, a glance Rheiniad, n. a throwing a lance Rheinio, v. to throw a lance Rheitheg, n. canon of speech Rheithfawr, a. greatly just Rheithiad, n. a regulation Rheithiadol, a. canonical Rheithiadur, n. a regulalor Rheithio, v. to fix a law Rheithiol, a. established as law Rheithioreg, n. rhetoric Rheithiwr, n. a juryman Rhelyw, n. a trail; a residue, the rest Rhem, n. what runs out Rhemiad, n. a running out: n. a muttering Rhemmwth, n. a gorbelly; a glutton Rhemp, n. an excess; frenzy: a. bewitched: crazy Rhempiad, n. an infatuation Rhempian, v. to snatch greedily Rhempio, v. to run to excess Rhen, n. the supreme, the Lord Rhenc, n. a row, rank Rhenciad, n. placing in a row Rhencio, v. to place in a row Rhent, n. an income; a rent Rhentu, v. to get income, to rent Rheol, n. a rule, an order Rheolaidd, a. orderly, regalar Rheoledigaeth, n. regulation Rheoli, v. to order, to sway Rheolus, a. orderly, regular Rheolwr, n. ruler Rhes, n. a row, a rank Rhesel, n. a rack, a grate Rheselu, v. to form a rack Rhesio, v. to set in a row Rhestog, n. plaited work; mat Rhestr, n. array, order, rank Rhestredigaeth, n. arrangement Rhestriad, n. an arranging Rhestrig, n. a row, a range Rhestrog, a. rowed; plaited, matted Rhestrol, a. ordinal; arrayed Rhrestru, v. to range, to marshal Rhesu, v. to place in a row Rheswm, n. reason, sense Rhesymeg, n. logic; reasoning Rhesymiad, n. a reasoning Rhesymol, a. rational; tolerable Rhesymoldeb, n. rationality Rhesymu, v. to reason, to argue Rheth, n. a pervading quality Rhrethren, n. a pike, a lance Rhëu, v. to run about; to move Rheuedd, n. activity, agility Rhew, n. what is slippery; frost Rhewi, v. to freeze; to be ice Rhewiad, n. a freezing Rhewlyd, a. freezing, frosty Rhewyn, n. a drain, a gutter Rhewys, a wanton, lusting Rhi, n. what is specific; a chief Rhiaidd, a. notable, pre-eminent Rhial, n. an original lineage Rhiallu, n. hundred thousand Rhian, n. a dame, a lady Rhianaidd, a. feminine; female Rhianon, n. a goddess, a nymph Rhiaint, n. a parent, a source Rhiol, a. noble, royal Rhib, n. a streak; a dribblet Rhibin, n. scanty row, streak Rhibio, v. to streak; to dribble Rhibib, n. a reed pipe; a hautboy Rhic, n. a notch; to groove Rhicio, v. to notch; to groove Rhiciol, a. notching; grooving Rhid, n. a drain; semen Rhidio, v. to drain; to secrete Rhidyll, n. a riddle, a sieve Rhydyllio, v. to riddle, to sift Rhidys, n. a drain; a rill Rhidysio, v. to flow dribbling Rhidd, n. a centre; an obstacle Rhiddio, v. to centre; to repel Rhieddu, v. to act as a chief Rhieniol, a. feminine Rhieni, n. ancestry, parents Rhieniaeth, n. parentage Rhieniol, a. parental Rhies, n. a dame, a lady Rhif, n. what divides; number Rhifadwy, a. numerable Rhifedigaeth, n. numeration Rhifedydd, Rhifiedydd, n. a numerator Rhifedd, n. numerousness Rhifiad, n. a numbering Rhifiannol, a. numerary Rhifiannu, v. to numerate Rhifiog, a. numerous, many Rhifnod, n. a numeral Rhifnodol, a. numerical Rhifnodiad, n. numeration Rhifo, Rhifnodi, v. to numerate, to number, to count, to reckon Rhifol, a. numeral, numerical Rhifyddeg, n. arithmetic Rhifyn, n. a single number Rhifyddiaeth, n. numeration Rhiff, n. what divides or parts Rhifft, n. what is divided, a rift Rhig, n. a notch, a groove; the pillory Rhign, n. a notch, a groove Rhignedd, n. a notched part Rhigo, v. to notch, to groove Rhigod, n. a pillory Rhigol, n. a groove; trench Rhigoliad, n. a grooving; a trenching Rhigolydd, n. groove plane Rhilgwm, n. a long row; rote Rhigymu, v. to say by rote Rhing, n. a creak, a clink Rhingwar, n. a clamp Rhyngyll, n. a serjeant Rhingyllaeth, n. serjeantship Rhil, n. an interstice Rhill, n. a row; trench; drill Rhilio, v. to row; to drill Rhim, n. a rim, an edge Rhimio, v. to rim, to edge Rhimp, a rim, an extremity Rhimpyn, n. an extremity; a rhyme Rhimyn, n. a rim, an edge Rhimynu, v. to form a rim Rhin, n. what pervades; a channel; a virtue, a secret; a charm Rhinc, n. a creak; a gnash; a quail Rhincio, v. to creak; to gnash Rhinciol, a. creaking; clacking Rhincyn, n. a creak, a clink, a gnash, a clack Rhinfawr, a. greatly endowed Rhiniad, n. an using of mystery Rhinio, v. to endure with a virtue; to use mystery Rhiniol, a. mysterious, secret Rhint, n. a notch, a groove Rhintach, a. notched, grooved Rhinwedd, n. virtue; mystery Rhinweddol, a. virtuous Rhip, n. a skip, an over-skip Rhipai, n. a hatchel Rhipio, v. to pass or skip over Rhis, n. what is broken into points Rhisellt, n. a grater; a rasp Rhisg, n. bark, rind Rhisgen, n. a dish or bowl of bark Rhisgl, n. bark, coat or rind Rhisglad, n. a barking Rhisglo, v. to bark, to strip bark Rhisglog, a. having bark Rhisglyn, n. a piece of bark Rhisgo, v. to bark, to strip of bark, to peel Rhith, n. guise, appearance, semblance, an embryo Rhithedd, n. apparentness Rhithiant, n. appearance Rhithio, v. to appear, to seem Rhithiol, a. appearing, apparent Rhithiogaeth, a. appearance Rhithiogi, v. to give appearance Rhiw, n. a drift; a slope Rho, n. what is put off; a gift Rhoc, n. a rocking, a shake Rhocas, n. a lad, a youth Rhocian, v. to keep rocking Rhocos, n. broken particles Rhoch, n. a grunt, a groan Rhochain, v. to keep grunting Rhochiad, n. a grunting Rhochi, v. to grunt, to growl Rhôd, n. an orb; a wheel; the ecliptic Rhodell, n. a whirl, a spindle Rhoden, n. a switch, a whip Rhodfa, n. a circular course Rhodiana, v. to stroll about Rhodienai, n. a gadding gossip Rhodienol, a. ambulatory Rhodio, v. to walk about Rhodl, n. a paddle; a scull Rhodle, n. a course, a range Rhodli, v. to paddle, to scull Rhodol, a. wheeling; wandering Rhodres, n. ostentation; pomp Rhodresgar, Rhodresol, a. ostentatious, pompous Rhodresu, v. to swagger Rhodreswr, n. a boaster, a swaggerer Rhodwedd, n. an orbit, a course Rhodwydd, n. an open course Rhodd, n. a gift, a present Rhoddedigaeth, n. a donation Rhoddi, v. to give, to bestow Rhoddiannol, a. donative Rhoddiant, n. a donation Rhoddol, a. giving, bestowing Rhoddwyr, n. a giver, a bestower Rhogl, n. scent, odour, smell Rhoi, v. to give to bestow Rhol, n. a roll, a cylinder Rholbren, n. a rolling-pin Rholen, n. a roll, a roller Rholiad, n. a rolling Rholian, v. to be rolling about Rholio, v. to roll or turn about Rholyn, n. a roll, a roller, a chub Rhon, n. a tail; a pike, a lance Rhonc, n. a sinking Rhonca, a. sinking Rhoncian, v. to sink, to become hollow Rhonell, n. a tail; hair of a tail Rhonellog, a. having a tail Rhonos, small broken particles Rhont, n. a frisk, to gambol Rhonta, v. to frisk, to gambol Rhonten, n. a merry frisker Rhontyn, n. a frisker Rhos, n. moist land, a moor: n. rose Rhosb, n. a whim, a trick; a doggerel Rhosbai, n. a doggerel rhymster Rhosdir, n. fenny ground Rhoslyd, a. fenny, marshy Rhost, a. dried, browned, over roasted Rhostio, v. to brown over, to roast Rhostog, n. the plover Rhoth, a. loose; hollow Rhu, n. a loud utterance, a roar Rhuad, n. a roaring; loquacity Rhuadol, a. roaring Rhuadu, v. to make a roaring Rhaudwy, a. roaring Rhuch, n. a film; a husk Rhuchion, n. husks Rhuchioni, v. to clear of husks Rhuchionyn, n. a husk; a film Rhud, n. a cast or drive forward Rhudd, a. ruddy hue, crimson: a. ruddy, crimson; callow Rhuddain, a. crimson Rhuddo, v. to make crimson Rhuddog, n. the redbreast Rhudded, n. a red streak; a path Rhuddel, n. a ruddy hue; a glow Rhuddeli, n. a red slave Rhuddell, n. ruddle, red ochre to mark sheep Rhuddellen, n. one of a ruddy hue Rhuddellu, v. to stain with crimson Rhuddem, n. a ruby Rhudden, n. a red streak Rhuddfa, Rhuddfan, n. parched spot Rhuddfelyn, n. orange yellow Rhuddgoch, a. pink red Rhuddiad, n. a turning to crimson Rhuddin, n. heart of timber Rhuddion, n. husks Rhuddlas, a. crimson blue Ruddlwyd, a. russet colour Rhuddos, n. the marigold Rhuddwern, n. bird cherry tree Rhuddugl, n. the radish Rhuf, n. what breaks out; a flush Rhufell, n. the fish roach Rhufon, n. a reddened one; a warrior Rhug, n. what has breaks or points Rhugl, a. free, ready; fluent; rife Rhugledd, n. quick motion, fluency Rhuglen, n. a drum Rhuglgroen, n. a rattle made of dry skin with stones in it Rhugliad, n. friction; clearance Rhuglo, v. to clear, to smooth, to rub Rhull, a. rife; frank; rash; hasty Rhum, n. what projects or swells Rhumen, n. a paunch Rhumog, a. rotund: n. paunch Rhumwth, n. a greedy-gut Rhun, n. a lavish one Rhuo, v. to roar; to talk Rhuol, a. roaring, loquacious Rhuor, a. roaring, blustering Rhus, a start, a recoil; reynard Rhuso, v. to start; to hesitate Rhusol, a. starting; hesitating Rhusgar, a. apt to start; restive Rhusiad, n. a starting from Rhuth, n. breaking out or from Rhuthr, n. a gust, a rush, an assault, an attack; a good while Rhuthro, v. to rush; to assault Rhuthrol, a. rushing; assailing Rhuthriad, n. a rushing on Rhuwch, n. exterior coat; a rug Rhuwchen, n. a rough coat; a rug Rhwb, n. a rub, a chafe Rhwbiad, n. rubbing; friction Rhwbio, v. to rub, to chafe Rhwch, n. what is rough; a grunt Rhwchiad, n. a grunting Rhwchial, n. a shrill grunting Rhwchiala, v. to grunt Rhwchiawl, a. grunting Rhwchws, n. a ray, a skate Rhwd, n. sediment; smut; rust Rhwdog, a. covered with rust Rhwf, n. what swells or puffs out Rhwg, n. what projects; a ruff Rhwgn, n. a rub, a friction Rhwng, n. an intermediacy Rhwmp, n. a borer, an anger Rhwn, what covers over Rhwnc, n. snore; rattle Rhwnciad, n. a rattling, guggling Rhwncian, v. to rattle, to guggle Rhwnen, n. a single pear Rhwnsi, n. a rough coated horse Rhwnt, n. what covers over Rhwnyn, n. pears Rhws, n. cultivated region Rhwtio, v. to corrode; to fret Rhwtion, n. dregs Rhwtioni, v. to produce dregs Rhwtws, n. broken parts; dregs Rhwth, a. wide, gaping, yawing Rhwy, n. excess, superfluity Rhywol, a. excessive superfluity Rhwych, n. whaf extends Rhwyd, n. a net, a snare Rhwyden, n. a small net; a caul Rhwydiad, n. a reticulation Rhwydo, v. to net, to ensnare Rhwydog, a. reticulated, netted Rhwydd, a. free, easy, tolerable Rhwyddâd, n. a making easy Rhwyddâu, v. to facilitate Rhwydd-deb, n. facility; success Rhwyddineb, n. easy, free state Rhwyddoli, v. to facilitate Rhwyddyni, v. to facilitate Rhwyf, n. what impels; ambition; a ruler; an oar Rhwyfadain, n. a directing fin Rhwyfadur, n. a swayer Rhwyfain, v. to be swaying Rhwyfan, n. impulse; sway: v. to sway; to lead Rhwyfaniad, n. domination Rhwyfanu, v. to dominate Rhwyfanus, a. imperious Rhwyfiad, n. a swaying; a rowing Rhwyfiant, n. domination Rhwyfo, v. to sway; to row Rhwyfol, a. swaying; rowing Rhwyfolaeth, n. dictatorship Rhwyfoldeb, n. a state of sway Rhwyfus, apt to sway; haughty Rhwyg, n. a rent, a rupture Rhwygo, v. to rend, to tear Rhwygol, a. rending tearing Rhwyll, n. a ring-fence; a paddock: n. an interstice, fret work; a casement Rhwyllo, v. to form insterstices Rhwyllog, a. fretted; cross-barred; grated Rhwym, n. a bond, a tie: a. bound, tied, fastened Rhwymedigaeth, n. restriction Rhwymedigol, a. restrictive Rhwymtdd, n. restraint; bondage Rhwymiad, n. a binding, a tying Rhwymiant, n. restriction Rhwymo, v. to bind, to tie Rhwymyn, n. a band: a swathe Rhwymynu, v. to swaddle Rhwyn, n. a wind, a twist Rhwyno, v. to bind, to tie Rhwyoli, v. to render excessive Rhwys, n. vigour; wantonness; luxurance Rhwysedd, n. vigourousness Rhwysg, n. a carreer; sway Rhwysglo, v. to run headlong Rhwysglyd, a. froward, restive Rhwysgol, a. swaying; risking Rhwysiad, n. invigoration Rhwysog, a. vigorous, luxuriant Rhwysol, a. invigorating Rhwysogi, v. to luxuriate Rhwysoldeb, n. vigour Rhwysoli, v. to invigorate Rhwystr, n. hinderance; let Rhwystredig, a. hindering Rhwystri, n. hindrance; let Rhwystro, to hinder, to obstruct Rhwystrusi, n. hindrance Rhwyth, n. what pervades; juice Rhwytho, v. to pervade, to ooze Rhy, n. excess, superfluity Rhyado, v. to leave utterly Rhyaddo, v. to promise overmuch Rhyal, n. a procreation Rhybarch, n. extreme regard Rhybed, n. a clinched state Rhybediad, n. a clinching Rhyborthi, v. to support fully Rhybrynu, v. to purchase fully Rhybuch, n. earnest longing Rhybudd, n. notice, warning Rhybuddio, v. to give notice Rhybuddiol, a. warning Rhyburo, v. to purify fully Rhybwyso, v. to over-weigh Rhybwyth, n. a retort; over-play Rhych, n. a trench, a furrow Rhychio, Rhychu, v. to trench, to furrow Rhychwant, n. a span length Rhychwantu, v. to span Rhychware, n. excess of play Rhyd, n. a course; a ford Rhydaf, n. an overspreading Rhydain, n. a young deer, a fawn Rhydalu, v. to over-pay Rhydanu, v. to spread greatly Rhydarf, n. excessive rout Rhydeddu, v. to render supreme Rhyderig, a. barren, as to breeding Rhydgoch, a. of a russet colour Rhydio, v. to ford, to pass Rhydle, n. a fording place Rhydlyd, a. apt to rust, rusty Rhydni, n. rustiness, rust Rhydöi, v. to overspread Rhydollt, n. sawdust Rhydres, n. arrogance Rhydresol, a. supercilious Rhydu, v. to rust, to grow rusty Rhydweli, n. an artery Rhydwf, n. exuberance Rhydwng, n. an anathema Rhydyllu, v. to perforate Rhydyn, a. overstrained Rhydd, n. liberty, freedom: a. at large; free; liberal Rhyddâd, n. a liberating Rhyddadlu, v. to dispute overmuch Rhyddail, n. second leaves Rhyddaol, a. loosening, freeing Rhyddâu, v. to free, to liberate Rhydd-did, Rhyddid, n. liberty Rhydderchafu, v. to over exalt Rhyddewyllys, n. freewill Rhyddiaith, n. free language; prose Rhyddiant, n. relaxation liberation Rhyddineb, n. freedom, facility Rhyddogni, v. to over-supply Rhyddonio, v. to gift greatly Rhyddrent, n. gavelkind Rhyerchi, v. to ask earnestly Rhyfion, n. currants Rhyfael, n. excessive gain Rhyfai, n. an extreme fault Rhyfail, n. a prepossession Rhyfaint, n. an excess Rhyfalu, v. to grind extremely Rhyfanu, v. to impress Rhyfarnu, v. to pre-judge Rhyfawrth, n. March wind Rhyfedd, a. surprising, wonderful Rhyfeddod, n. a surprise, a wonder Rhyfeddol, a. surprising, wonderful Rhyfeddu, v. to wonder, to be surprised Rhyfel, n. war, warfare Rhyfela, v. to wage war, to war Rhyfelog, a. belligerent.
— from A Pocket Dictionary: Welsh-English by William Richards

Coss. C. Atilius Regulus, Cn. Cornelius, Blasio II.
— from The Histories of Polybius, Vol. 1 (of 2) by Polybius

Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban opened for signature - 5 August 1963 entered into force - 10 October 1963 objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons parties - (113) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, Ethiopia, Haiti, Libya, Mali, Pakistan, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen Tropical Timber 83 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 Tropical Timber 94 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea opened for signature - 10 December 1982 entered into force - 16 November 1994 objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment parties - (155) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (27) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Iran, North Korea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Switzerland, Thailand, UAE United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa note - abbreviated as Desertification opened for signature - 14 October 1994 entered into force - 26 December 1996 objective - to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements parties - (185) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor- Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change note - abbreviated as Climate Change opened for signature - 9 May 1992 entered into force - 21 March 1994 objective - to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system parties - (195) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Wetlands see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) Whaling see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008
— from The 2008 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

** (IBRD) note - also known as the World Bank established - 22 July 1944; effective - 27 December 1945 aim - to provide economic development loans; a UN specialized agency members - (184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe ** International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ** established - NA 1919 aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent business interests at national and international levels members - (80 national committees) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Caribbean, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia *
— from The 2002 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bonaire, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Islamic Development Bank (IDB): established - 15 December 1973 by declaration of intent; effective - 12 August 1974 aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development members - (55 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Latin American Economic System (LAES): note - also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) established - 17 October 1975 aim - to promote economic and social development through regional cooperation members - (27) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Latin American Integration Association (LAIA): note - also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) established - 12 August 1980; effective - 18 March 1981 aim - to promote freer regional trade members - (12) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela observers - (26) China, Corporacion Andina de Fomento, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, EC, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter- American Development Bank, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latin America Economic System, Nicaragua, Organization of American States, Panama, Pan-American Health Organization, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean League of Arab States (LAS): note - also known as Arab League (AL) established - 22 March 1945 aim - aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation members - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization least developed countries (LLDCs): that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic growth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries; the 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen less developed countries (LDCs): the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - similar to the new International Monetary Fund (IMF) term "developing countries" which adds Malta, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey but omits in its recently published statistics American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Martinique, Mayotte, Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara low-income countries: another term for those less developed countries with below-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) middle-income countries: another term for those less developed countries with above-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)
— from The 2007 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Group of 77 (G-77) address-Office of the Chairman, United Nations, Room S-3959, P.O. Box 20, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 3816, 963 0192, 963 4777 FAX-[1] (212) 963 3515, 963 1753 established-NA October 1967 aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership members-(129 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization _________________________________________________________________
— from The 1998 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established-26 October 1956 effective-29 July 1957 aim-to promote peaceful uses of tomic energy members-(115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, alaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe International Bank for conomic Cooperation (IBEC) established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote economic cooperation and development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter International Bank for econstruction and Development (IBRD) note-also known as the World Bank established-22 July 1944 effective-27 December 1945 aim-UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic development loans members-(174) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solvenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, ganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) established-NA 1919 aim-to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent business interests at national and international levels members-(58 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established-7 December 1944 effective-4 April 1947 aim-UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation in civil aviation members-(173) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagacar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) established-NA 1863 aim-to provide humanitarian aid in wartime members-(25 individuals) all Swiss nationals International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) established-NA December 1949 aim-to promote the trade union movement members-(144 national organizations in the following 104 areas)
— from The 1993 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Character of the Spartans. § 6. Character of the Cretans, Argives, Rhodians, Corinthians, Corcyræans, Syracusans, Sicyonians, Phliasians, Megarians, Byzantians, Æginetans, Cyrenæans, Crotoniats, Tarentines, Messenians, and Delphians. 1.
— from The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 2 of 2 by Karl Otfried Müller

The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen ——- less developed countries (LDCs) the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 174 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ——- low-income countries another term for those less developed countries with below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) ——- London Suppliers Group see Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) ——- Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR) see Southern Cone Common Market ——- middle-income countries another term for those less developed countries with above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) ——- Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) established - April 1987 aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export of key missile technologies and equipment members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ——- Near Abroad the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security interest ——- newly industrializing countries (NICs) former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) ——- newly industrializing economies (NIEs) that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil ——- Nonaligned Movement (NAM) established - 1-6 September 1961 aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs members - (107 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (21) African National Congress, Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Armenia, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Islamic Conference, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, Thailand, UN, Uruguay guests - (21) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland ——- Nordic Council (NC) established - 16 March 1952 effective - 12 February 1953 aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note - Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland, and Finland includes Aland Islands ——- Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) established - 4 December 1975 effective - 1 June 1976 aim - to promote economic cooperation and development members - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden ——- North a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries (DCs) ——- North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) note - an extension of NATO established - 8 November 1991 effective - 20 December 1991 aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual political and security issues members - (38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan ——- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established - 17 September 1949 aim - to promote mutual defense and cooperation members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US ——- Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) established - NA 1958 aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US ——- Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) note - also known as the London Suppliers Group established - 1974 aim - to establish guidelines for exports of technical information, processing equipment for uranium enrichment and nuclear materials to countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability members - (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ——- Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) ——- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established - 14 December 1960 effective - 30 September 1961 aim - to promote economic cooperation and development members - (25) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US special member - (1) EU ——- Organization of African Unity (OAU) established - 25 May 1963 aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ——- Organization of American States (OAS) established - 30 April 1948 effective - 13 December 1951 aim - to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and social development members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela observers - (31) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Belgium, Central American Parliament, Cyprus, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia ——- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) established - 9 January 1968 aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry members - (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE ——- Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) established - 18 June 1981 effective - 4 July 1981 aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation members - (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines associate member - (1) British Virgin Islands ——- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) established - 14 September 1960 aim - to coordinate petroleum policies members - (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela ——- Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) established - 22-25 September 1969 aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (4) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, Nigeria, "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ——- Paris Club see Group of 10 ——- Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) established - 29 July 1899 aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes members - (78) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe ——- Population Commission established - 3 October 1946 aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with population matters of importance to the UN members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ——- Rio Group (RG) note - formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986 established - NA 1988 aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru (suspended), Uruguay, Venezuela; note-Panama was expelled in 1988; Peru was suspended after April 1992 coup ——- Second World another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies ——- socialist countries in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries ——- South a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) ——- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established - 8 December 1985 aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka ——- South Pacific Commission (SPC) established - 6 February 1947 effective - 29 July 1948 aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa ——- South Pacific Forum (SPF) established - 5 August 1971 aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) ——- South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) established - NA 1981 aim - to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa ——- Southern African Customs Union (SACU) established - 11 December 1969 aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters members - (9) Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland ——- Southern African Development Community (SADC) note - evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) established - 17 August 1992 aim - to promote regional economic development and integration members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe ——- Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) established - 26 March 1991 aim - regional economic cooperation members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay ——- Statistical Commission established - 21 June 1946 aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with development and standardization of national statistics of interest to the UN members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ——- Third World another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs) ——- underdeveloped countries refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above- average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) ——- undeveloped countries refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs) ——- Union Douaniere
— from The 1994 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bonaire, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the Palestine Liberation Organization Islamic Development Bank (IDB) established - 15 December 1973 by declaration of intent; effective - 12 August 1974 aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development members - (55 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization L Latin American Economic System (LAES) note - also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) established - 17 October 1975 aim - to promote economic and social development through regional cooperation members - (27) Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Secretaria General Iberoamericana (SEGIB), Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) note - also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) established - 12 August 1980; effective - 18 March 1981 aim - to promote freer regional trade members - (12) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela observers - (26) China, Corporacion Andina de Fomento, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, EC, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-American Development Bank, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latin America Economic System, Nicaragua, Organization of American States, Panama, Pan-American Health Organization, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean League of Arab States (LAS) note - also known as Arab League (AL) established - 22 March 1945 aim - aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation members - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (3) Eritrea, India, Venezuela least developed countries (LLDCs) that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic growth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries; the 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen less developed countries (LDCs) the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - similar to the new International Monetary Fund (IMF) term "developing countries" which adds Malta, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey but omits in its recently published statistics American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Martinique, Mayotte, Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara low-income countries another term for those less developed countries with below-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) M middle-income countries another term for those less developed countries with above-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) established - 12 April 1988 aim - encourages flow of foreign direct investment among member countries by offering investment insurance, consultation, and negotiation on conditions for foreign investment and technical assistance; a UN specialized agency members - (173) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Comoros, Cuba, Kiribati, North Korea, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, NZ, Niger, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Tonga, Tuvalu N Near Abroad Russian term for the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security interest; the 14 countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan new independent states (NIS) a term referring to all the countries of the FSU except the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) newly industrializing countries (NICs) former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) newly industrializing economies (NIEs) that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil Nonaligned Movement (NAM) established - 1-6 September 1961 aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs members - (117 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (15) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Paraguay, Serbia, Ukraine, Uruguay guests - (24) Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland Nordic Council (NC) established - 16 March 1952;
— from The 2009 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

3 March 1973 entered into force - 1 July 1975 objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits parties - (170) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature - 29 December 1972 entered into force - 30 August 1975 objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention; the London Convention came into force in 1996 parties - (88) Afghanistan, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong (associate member), Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Vanuatu associate members to the London Convention - (2) Faroe Islands, Macau countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Chad, Kuwait, Uruguay Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature - 10 December 1976 entered into force - 5 October 1978 objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties - (73) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lithuania, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (16)
— from The 2009 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

ic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Near Abroad: Russian term for the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security interest; the 14 countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan new independent states (NIS): a term referring to all those countries of the FSU except the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) newly industrializing countries (NICs): former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) newly industrializing economies (NIEs): that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil Nonaligned Movement (NAM): established - 1-6 September 1961 aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs members - (113 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (16) Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Paraguay, Ukraine, Uruguay guests - (28) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US Nordic Council (NC): established - 16 March 1952; effective - 12 February 1953 aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation members - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden observers - (3) the Sami (Lapp) local parliaments of Finland, Norway, and Sweden Nordic Investment Bank (NIB): established - 4 December 1975; effective - 1 June 1976 aim - to promote economic cooperation and development members - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden North: a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries (DCs) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): established - 4 April 1949 aim - to promote mutual defense and cooperation members - (19) Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA): note - also known as OECD Nuclear Energy Agency established - 1 February 1958 aim - to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; associated with OECD members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): note - also known as the London Suppliers Group or the London Group established - NA 1974; effective - NA 1975 aim - to establish guidelines for exports of nuclear materials, processing equipment for uranium enrichment, and technical information to countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US observer - (1) European Commission (a policy-planning body for the EU) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): established - 14 December 1960; effective - 30 September 1961 aim - to promote economic cooperation and development members - (30) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US special member - (1) EU Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): note - formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) established 3 July 1975 established - 1 January 1995 aim - to foster the implementation of human rights, fundamental freedoms, democracy, and the rule of law; to act as an instrument of early warning, conflict prevention, and crisis management; and to serve as a framework for conventional arms control and confidence building measures members - (55) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia partners for cooperation - (9) Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Morocco, Thailand, Tunisia Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): established - 29 April 1997 aim - to enforce the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction; to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among the signatories of the Convention members - (174) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Organization of African Unity (OAU): established - 25 May 1963 aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Organization of American States (OAS): established - 14 April 1890 as the International Union of American Republics; 30 April 1948 adopted present charter; effective - 13 December 1951 aim - to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and social development members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela observers - (50) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, Yemen Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC): established - 9 January 1968 aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry members - (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS): established - 18 June 1981; effective - 4 July 1981 aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation members - (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines associate members - (2) Anguilla, British Virgin Islands Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): established - 14 September 1960 aim - to coordinate petroleum policies members - (11) Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC): established - 22-25 September 1969 aim - to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs members - (55 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization observers - (12) Bosnia and Herzegovina, Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, ECO, LAS, NAM, Moro National Liberation Front of the Philippines, OAU, Thailand, Turkish Muslim Community of Kirbris, "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", UN Pacific Community: note - formerly known as the South Pacific Commission (SPC) established - 6 February 1947; effective - 29 July 1948 aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Partnership for Peace (PFP): established - 10-11 January 1994 aim - to expand and intensify political and military cooperation throughout Europe, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and build relationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation and commitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program under the auspices of NATO members - (29) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA): established - 29 July 1899 aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes members - (78) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe Rio Group (RG): note - formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986; composed of the Contadora Group and the Lima Group established - NA 1988 aim - to consult on regional Latin American issues members - (12) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Second World: another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies socialist countries: in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for communist countries South: a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): established - 8 December 1985 aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka South Pacific Forum (SPF): established - 5 August 1971 aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters members - (16) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (Sparteca): established - NA 1981 aim - to redress unequal trade relationships of Australia and New Zealand with small island economies in the Pacific region members - (16) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu Southern African Customs Union (SACU): established - 11 December 1969 aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters members - (5) Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland Southern African Development Community (SADC): note - evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) established - 17 August 1992 aim - to promote regional economic development and integration members - (14) Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) or Southern Common Market: note - also known as Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (Mercosur) established - 26 March 1991 aim - to increase regional economic cooperation members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay associate member - (2) Bolivia, Chile Third World: another term for the less developed countries; the term is obsolescent; see less developed countries (LDCs) underdeveloped countries: refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) undeveloped countries: refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs) United Nations (UN): established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24 October 1945 aim - to maintain international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems constituent organizations - the UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows: 1) Secretariat 2) General Assembly: International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
— from The 2001 CIA World Factbook by United States. Central Intelligence Agency